Introduction Recently, I have been researching mechanical fault diagnosis and decided to create a small accelerometer, planning to use the STM32F1 as the main controller. Initially, I planned to use an external crystal oscillator as the main clock for the STM32, but to further reduce the size of the board, I decided to remove the … Read more
In microcontrollers, the STM32F103 is powerful and widely used. To ensure the stable operation and performance optimization of the STM32F103 system, configuring its clock system is essential. So, how do we configure it? 1. Clock Source Selection HSI: Internal RC oscillator with a frequency of 8MHz, suitable for situations where clock frequency accuracy is not … Read more
Level One: GPIO Comprehensive Analysis of GPIO Modes Mode Description Common Uses Input Floating No pull-up or pull-down, unstable level, easily interfered with External signal detection (not recommended by default) Input Pull-up/Pull-down Internally connected to high/low resistance, more stable level Button input, sensor level reading Push-Pull Output Clear high/low level switching, strong driving capability Driving … Read more
13.2.2.2 PLL2 Phase-Locked Loop The PLL output is mainly used for system clock (ICLK) and others, while PLL2 is primarily used for some important peripherals, providing them with a stable clock separately. Here, we do not use PLL2. PLL2 section in the FSP clock configuration diagram: 13.2.3 System Clock Area See the marked area ③ … Read more
13.2 Analysis of CGC Clock Configuration Block Diagram Opening the clock configuration page in the #FSP configurator, the default clock configurations for the RA6M5/RA4M2/RA2L1 without modifications are shown in the three images below. These #clock configuration diagrams are primarily designed to facilitate user configuration, and their structure is relatively simple, resembling a simplified version of … Read more
Introduction During the project development process, it was found that the actual baud rate configured for the MCAL SPI did not match the clock frequency captured by the logic analyzer. The actual frequency was only half of the configured value. This article documents the troubleshooting process for this issue. MCAL Configuration Check The baud rate … Read more
Introduction SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) is a synchronous serial interface technology introduced by Motorola. The SPI bus is physically implemented through a module called Synchronous Serial Port (MCU) on the microcontroller (PICmicro) connected to peripheral devices, allowing the MCU to communicate with various peripheral devices at high speed in a full-duplex synchronous manner. SPI The … Read more
Step 1: Hardware Preparation and Connection Materials Needed Optical Modem: Usually provided by the ISP when installing broadband. Wireless Router: Can be purchased online or from a computer store. Network Cables: Two, can be purchased nearby at a computer store. Computer: Used for configuring the router. Connect the devices as follows: Connect the fiber to … Read more
Note: For each step, you only need to look at the specific part in the corresponding article. Although many articles write about other parts, the author encountered various bugs, so the parts that work without issues have been extracted. 1. Image Burning, Connecting Raspberry Pi with Ethernet, and Basic Configuration (1) System Image Burning Installing … Read more
To improve system performance while reducing power consumption, MCUs typically provide four types of clocks: High-Speed External Clock (HSE): Generated by an external high-frequency crystal oscillator. Low-Speed External Clock (LSE): Generated by an external low-frequency crystal oscillator, generally at 32.768kHz, used to drive the real-time clock (RTCCLK). High-Speed Internal Clock (HSI): Generated by an internal … Read more