A comprehensive summary of roots and affixes for the college entrance examination English!
(Study a little bit every day, and you will see improvement in your scores)
1. Prefix Memory Method
(1) Prefixes Indicating Negation
1. dis- is added before nouns, adjectives, and verbs.
disadvantage (disadvantage),
dishonorable (dishonorable),
disagree (disagree)
2. in- is added before adjectives and nouns
incorrect (incorrect),
inability (inability),
inaccurate (inaccurate)
3. im- is added before the letters m, b, p
impossible (impossible),
immoral (immoral),
imbalance (imbalance),
impolite (impolite)
4. il- is added before words starting with l .
illegal (illegal),
illiterate (illiterate),
illogical (illogical)
5. ir- is added before words starting with r .
irregular (irregular),
irresistible (irresistible)
6. un- is added before nouns, adjectives, and adverbs
unfinished (unfinished),
undoubted (undoubted),
unemployment (unemployment)
7. non- is added before adjectives and nouns
non-existence (non-existence),
non-essential (non-essential),
non-electrical (non-electrical)
8. mis- is added before verbs and nouns
misunderstand (misunderstand),
misjudge (misjudge),
misleading (misleading),
misfortune (misfortune)
9. dis- is added before verbs
disappear (disappear),
disarm (disarm),
disconnect (disconnect)
10. de- is added before nouns and adjectives
decolor (decolor),
11. anti- is added before nouns and adjectives
anti-Japanese (anti-Japanese),
anti-social (anti-social)
12. counter- is added before nouns and verbs
counterattack (counterattack),
counteract (counteract),
counterrevolution (counterrevolution)
(2) Prefixes Indicating “Before”
1. pre :
pre-existing (pre-existing),
pre-selection (pre-selection),
preface (preface)
2. ante :
anteroom (anteroom)
3. fore :
forecast (forecast),
forehead (forehead),
foreman (foreman),
foresee (foresee),
foretell (foretell)
4. pro :
programme (programme),
prologue (prologue)
5. ex :
ex-president (ex-president),
ex-wife (ex-wife)
(3) Prefixes Indicating “After” or “Lower”
1. post :
post-war (post-war),
post-position (post-position)
2. sub :
sub-editor (sub-editor),
sub-way (sub-way),
sub-conscious (sub-conscious),
submarine (submarine),
subtropical (subtropical),
subtitle (subtitle)
(4) Other Prefixes
1. re : indicates “again” or “back”
retranslate (retranslate),
reinforce (reinforce),
reconstruct (reconstruct),
return (return)
2. retro : indicates “back” or “backward”
retrograde (retrograde),
retrospect (retrospect)
3. co: : indicates “together” or “with”
co-exist (co-exist),
co-operate (co-operate),
co-education (co-education)
4. inter : indicates “mutual” or “between”
interchangeable (interchangeable),
international (international)
5. extra : indicates “out” or “beyond”
extraordinary (extraordinary),
extramural (extramural),
extrasensory (extrasensory)
6. auto : indicates “self” or “automatic”
automatic (automatic),
autobiography (autobiography)
7. tele : indicates “far”
telegram (telegram),
telephone (telephone),
telescope (telescope)
8. indicates quantity
[bi-, di- two]
bicycle (bicycle),
dioxide (dioxide),
biweekly (biweekly)
[tri- three]
triangle (triangle),
tripod (tripod)
[multi- many]
multi-colored (multi-colored),
multi-national (multi-national),
multiply (multiply)
[centi- one hundredth]
centimeter (centimeter)
[milli- one thousandth]
millimeter (millimeter)
[kilo-one thousand]
kilowatt (kilowatt),
kilometer (kilometer)
9 arch-: indicates “chief”
archbishop (archbishop),
architect (architect)
10. bene- : indicates “good”
benefit (benefit),
benevolence (benevolence)
11. se- : indicates “separation”
separation (separation)
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2. Suffix Memory Method
1. -ster,-eer,-er (or): indicates “a person engaged in a certain profession or activity”
engineer (engineer), driver (driver), teacher (teacher), director (director), actor (actor), professor (professor)
2. -ess : indicates “female”
actress (actress), poetess (poetess), hostess (hostess)
3. -hood : indicates “period”
childhood (childhood), manhood (manhood), boyhood (boyhood)
4. -ship : indicates “ability, status, qualification, quality”
leadership (leadership), friendship (friendship), membership (membership)
5. -ful : indicates “amount”
cupful (cupful), handful (handful), mouthful (mouthful)
6. -tion , -ion : indicates “state, action”; 2) indicates “institution”
organization (organization), foundation (foundation)
7. -ment : indicates “state, action”
movement (movement), pavement (pavement)
8. -al : indicates “action”
arrival (arrival), refusal (refusal)
9. -ness; -ity (ty) : indicates “state, quality”
happiness (happiness), kindness (kindness), activity (activity)
10. -ful : indicates “full of, having”
useful (useful), hopeful (hopeful), helpful (helpful), forgetful (forgetful)
11. -less : indicates “without”
hopeless (hopeless)
12. -ly : indicates “having the quality of”
friendly (friendly)
13. -y; -ish : indicates “like”
foolish (foolish)
14. -able (ible) : indicates “able to…”; can be…
comfortable (comfortable)
15. -al : indicates “having… properties, of… type”
personal (personal), musical (musical)
16. -ive : indicates “having… properties; having a tendency”
attractive (attractive), sensitive (sensitive)
17. -ward(s) : indicates “direction of action”
backward(s) (backward(s))
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