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Effect Diagram

Colorful Tetris: Complete Code Analysis

“Don’t think it’s just painting the old Tetris in rainbow colors! This hardcore analysis of over 3500 words will take you from 0 to 1, breaking down a colorful block universe that can change skins, adjust difficulty, and even pause for a breather. By the end, you’ll discover that 500 lines of code can create wonders, that ‘grids’ hide design patterns, and that ‘rotation’ is all about linear algebra! Buckle up, the experienced driver is about to hit the road!”

0. First, the Effects: 30 Seconds Overview of Features

Module	Highlights	One-liner Critique
Launcher	Three-speed grid × Three-speed speed × Three-level difficulty	No getting lost on small screens, even the elderly can play
Main Game	True colorful Tetriminos + Shadows + Highlights	Blocks feel 3D, like injecting hyaluronic acid into pixels
Pause/End	Semi-transparent overlay + Play again	Office workers need not fear the boss during lunch breaks, one-click invisibility
Sidebar	Real-time score, level, Next, operation hints	Mom no longer needs to worry about me randomly pressing keys
Rotation System	Clockwise 90° matrix transformation	You can rotate without knowing linear algebra, but it’s cooler if you do
Line Clearing Algorithm	Full row scan + Top empty row insertion	The moment a row clears, dopamine levels skyrocket

1. Project Overview: Directory Tree + Execution Flow

tetris_color/
├─ main.py               # The only source code, play with a single file
├─ requirements.txt      # Just one line: pygame
└─ README.md             # A summary of this article

Execution Flow (Hierarchical Diagram):

┌─ Initialization
│  ├─ pygame initialization
│  ├─ Chinese font sniffing
│  └─ Color/Shape constant pool
├─ Configuration Hall
│  ├─ 3 groups of OptionSelector
│  └─ Start button
├─ Main Loop
│  ├─ Event Layer (Keyboard/Mouse)
│  ├─ Logic Layer (Falling, Rotating, Clearing)
│  ├─ Data Layer (board 2D array)
│  └─ Rendering Layer (draw_block → draw_grid → blit)
├─ End Settlement
│  ├─ game_over_screen()
│  └─ High score persistence (memory version)
└─ Resource Release
   └─ pygame.quit()

2. Constants Area: Colors, Shapes, Window All in One

# 1) Window dimensions
SCREEN_WIDTH  = 800          # Total width
SCREEN_HEIGHT = 700          # Total height
SIDEBAR_WIDTH = 250          # Right-side settings panel

# 2) Seven shapes (Classic Tetromino)
SHAPES = [
    [[1, 1, 1, 1]],          # I
    [[1, 1], [1, 1]],        # O
    [[0, 1, 0], [1, 1, 1]],  # T
    ...                      # Others omitted
]

# 3) Rainbow color table (corresponding to shape indices)
COLORS["blocks"] = [
    (0, 255, 255),   # I Cyan
    (255, 255, 0),   # O Yellow
    (128, 0, 128),   # T Purple
    ...
]

Explanation:

• Using the “index alignment” technique:<span>SHAPES[i] ↔ COLORS["blocks"][i]</span>, rotation, drawing, and landing coloring all proceed with zero if.
• Color tuples are fed directly to <span>pygame.draw.rect</span>, no extra conversion needed.

3. Rotation Algorithm: 90° Clockwise for 2D Arrays

def rotate_shape(shape):
    rows, cols = len(shape), len(shape[0])
    rotated = [[0]*rows for _ in range(cols)]
    for i in range(rows):
        for j in range(cols):
            rotated[j][rows-1-i] = shape[i][j]
    return rotated

Line-by-line Breakdown:

1. New matrix dimensions:<span>[cols][rows]</span> (height and width swap after rotation).
2. Coordinate mapping: original <span>(i,j)</span> → new <span>(j, rows-1-i)</span>, illustrated as follows:

Original 2×3 shape        Rotated 3×2
┌─┬─┬─┐            ┌─┬─┐
│0│1│2│            │3│0│
├─┼─┼─┤     →      ├─┼─┤
│3│4│5│            │4│1│
└─┴─┴─┘            │5│2│
                   └─┴─┘

1. Collision detection: try rotating first,<span>is_valid_position</span> must pass before actually rotating to avoid wall collisions.

4. Collision & Boundaries: <span>is_valid_position()</span>

def is_valid_position(board, shape, x, y):
    for i, row in enumerate(shape):
        for j, cell in enumerate(row):
            if cell:
                # Left and right out of bounds
                if x+j < 0 or x+j >= len(board[0]):
                    return False
                # Bottom out of bounds
                if y+i >= len(board):
                    return False
                # Overlapping with already landed blocks
                if y+i >= 0 and board[y+i][x+j] != -1:
                    return False
    return True

Highlights:

• Negative coordinate protection:<span>y+i >= 0</span> prevents misjudgment when the new block’s top has not fully entered the field.
• Early return: any conflict immediately returns False, saving unnecessary loops.

5. Line Clearing Algorithm: Full Row Scan + Top Empty Insertion

# 1) Collect unfilled rows
new_board = []
lines_cleared_in_round = 0
for row in board:
    if all(cell != -1 for cell in row):
        lines_cleared_in_round += 1
    else:
        new_board.append(row)

# 2) Insert an equal number of empty rows at the top
for _ in range(lines_cleared_in_round):
    new_board.insert(0, [-1]*cols)

board = new_board

Complexity:

• Time O(rows×cols), Space O(rows×cols) (new list created).
• Using <span>all()</span><span> short-circuit feature, a single full row immediately determines, no need for a counter.</span>

6. Drawing System: From Pixel Blocks to Shadows and Highlights

def draw_block(surface, x, y, size, color_index, has_shadow=True):
    c = COLORS["blocks"][color_index]

    # Main color block
    pygame.draw.rect(surface, c, (x, y, size, size), border_radius=2)
    # Outline
    pygame.draw.rect(surface, COLORS["block_outline"], (x, y, size, size), 1, border_radius=2)

    # Highlight at the top left corner
    highlight = tuple(min(v+50, 255) for v in c)
    pygame.draw.rect(surface, highlight,
                     (x+2, y+2, size//3, size//3), border_radius=1)

    # Shadow at the bottom right corner
    if has_shadow:
        shadow = pygame.Surface((size, size), pygame.SRCALPHA)
        shadow_color = tuple(max(v-100, 0) for v in c) + (100,)
        pygame.draw.rect(shadow, shadow_color,
                         (2, 2, size-2, size-2), border_radius=2)
        surface.blit(shadow, (x, y))

Layer Order: Main body → Shadow (semi-transparent Surface) → Outline → Highlight, ensuring the shadow is not covered by the outline.

7. UI Components: Buttons & Selectors (Reusable)

class Button:
    def __init__(self, x, y, w, h, text, action=None, value=None):
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(x, y, w, h)
        self.text, self.action, self.value = text, action, value
        self.hover = False

    def draw(self, surface):
        color = COLORS["button_hover"] if self.hover else COLORS["button"]
        pygame.draw.rect(surface, color, self.rect, border_radius=4)
        ...

class OptionSelector:
    def __init__(self, x, y, width, label, options, default=0):
        self.label = label
        self.options = options
        self.selected_index = default
        # Automatically distribute buttons evenly
        btn_w = width // len(options)
        self.buttons = [Button(x+i*btn_w, y+30, btn_w, 30,
                               opt, action="select_option", value=i)
                        for i, opt in enumerate(options)]

Design Patterns:

• Encapsulating “State-Behavior-Event” into classes, the main loop only handles <span>draw()</span> + <span>handle_event()</span>, making logic clear.
• The same <span>Button</span> can serve as both “Start Game” and “Options Tab”, maximizing reusability.

8. Main Loop: Four Stages, 60 FPS Steady as a Rock

while not game_over:
    # 1) Event Pump
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        handle_key(event)  # Rotate, move, pause

    # 2) Logic Refresh
    if not paused:
        if current_time - last_fall_time > fall_interval//level:
            try_move_down()

    # 3) Rendering Pipeline
    screen.fill(COLORS["bg"])
    draw_grid(...)
    draw_board_blocks(...)
    draw_current_shape(...)
    draw_sidebar(...)
    pygame.display.flip()

    # 4) Frame Rate Lock
    clock.tick(60)

Benefits of Layering: Events → Logic → Rendering are strictly decoupled, making it easy to add “online competition” later by just replacing the logic layer without touching the rendering layer.

9. Complete Code Implementation Steps (Copy and Paste to Run)

1. Install dependencies<span>pip install pygame -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple</span>

2. Save the “Complete Source Code” at the beginning of the article as <span>main.py</span>

3. Run in terminal<span>python main.py</span>

4. Control commands← → Move, ↑ Rotate, ↓ Speed up, Space Hard Landing, P Pause, R Restart, ESC Exit.

10. Knowledge Points Overview

Knowledge Point	Where Used in Project	One-liner Memory Aid
2D Array Rotation	<span>rotate_shape</span>	Coordinate mapping <span>[i][j] → [j][n-1-i]</span>
Boundary Collision	<span>is_valid_position</span>	Check out of bounds before checking overlap
Line Clearing Algorithm	Full row <span>all()</span> + <span>insert(0, [-1]*cols)</span>	The simplest form of Tetris “line clearing”
Game State Machine	<span>paused / game_over</span> Dual booleans	No need for state pattern in small projects, still clean
Highlights/Shadows	Semi-transparent <span>Surface</span> + <span>border_radius</span>	Pixel-level “pseudo 3D”
Componentized UI	<span>Button</span> / <span>OptionSelector</span>	Encapsulate “Event-Behavior” into classes
Frame Rate Control	<span>clock.tick(60)</span>	Keep the CPU calm, the fan quiet
Chinese Display	<span>font.match_font()</span> Iterate candidates	Cross-platform without garbled text

11. Ten Easter Eggs to Continue Playing Around With

1. Leaderboard persistence: use <span>sqlite</span> or <span>json</span> to store high scores.
2. Skin shop: move <span>COLORS</span> to external JSON, allowing player customization.
3. Ghost shadow: calculate landing position in advance, semi-transparent hint.
4. Combo scoring: extra multiplier for clearing multiple lines at once.
5. Particle explosion: spawn particles at coordinates when clearing lines.
6. Online competition: synchronize both boards using <span>asyncio</span> + <span>websockets</span>.
7. AI auto-play: implement <span>best_move()</span> genetic algorithm.
8. Controller support: listen for <span>pygame.JOYAXISMOTION</span>.
9. Mobile version: package with <span>pydroid3</span> or <span>kivy</span>.
10. 3D version: use <span>pygame.opengl</span> to add thickness to blocks.

12. Summary: Goals and Gains

Project Goal: Deliver a “configurable + colorful + pauseable + Chinese-friendly” Tetris with less than 600 lines of code, allowing beginners to run it and experts to modify it.

Your Skill Tree Gains: Basic Python syntax → pygame event loop → Fancy operations on 2D arrays → Collision detection → Simple UI components → Game state management → Rendering optimization → Ideas for Easter eggs.

Final Bowl of Chicken Soup: Don’t underestimate “small projects”; turning 500 lines into a 5000-word analysis gives you the engineering mindset of “doing simple things to perfection”—you can boast in interviews, write on your resume, and show off on social media. Now, it’s your turn to run <span>main.py</span><span> and say loudly:</span><strong><span>"Colorful Tetris, I'm back!"</span></strong>

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