Currently, the global wave of digitalization is driving rapid advancements in automotive technology. The core competitiveness of the automotive industry is shifting from traditional driving modes to the era of intelligent driving, where technologies such as network communication, artificial intelligence, and internet applications are deeply integrated with the automotive industry. Advanced technologies like intelligent networking and autonomous driving are widely applied in vehicles, transforming them from traditional means of transportation into “new intelligent terminals” that integrate perception, computation, and communication. Along with technological evolution, the cybersecurity issues of intelligent connected vehicles are becoming increasingly severe, especially with several automotive information security incidents occurring in recent years, drawing significant attention from the industry. The consequences of automotive information security issues extend beyond personal privacy breaches and economic losses for companies; they can also pose serious threats to human life and even national public safety. The security of the Internet of Vehicles has become a focal point of concern for the automotive industry and society as a whole.
Both domestic and international cybersecurity requirements for the Internet of Vehicles are continuously being released. This includes mandatory information security requirements that automotive companies must meet, such as the UNR155 regulation released in 2021 and GB44495-2024 “Technical Requirements for Information Security of Complete Vehicles,” which stipulate requirements for automotive information security management systems, general requirements for vehicle information security, technical requirements for vehicle information security, and methods for audit evaluation and testing verification. Through actions like the “Protecting the Network” initiative and other offensive and defensive drills, the security capabilities of Internet of Vehicles companies are shifting from passive defense to proactive defense capabilities.
Despite the strong demand for Internet of Vehicles testbeds, domestic enterprise users face significant investment challenges, and testbeds have become “expensive decorations,” with test results completely disconnected from real threats. The urgently needed “T-shaped composite talents” are extremely scarce, and the talent gap has become a core bottleneck restricting the normalized operation of testbeds.
In response to this series of challenges, SecuCloud has released the “Application Guide for Internet of Vehicles Testbeds (2025 Edition)” based on in-depth research of leading domestic manufacturers. This report positions practical Internet of Vehicles testbeds as a strategic infrastructure for enterprises that provides high-fidelity combat validation and offers a comprehensive guide from concept to practice. The report will construct a framework for the application capabilities of Internet of Vehicles testbeds, key technologies, and governance frameworks, providing insights into the current application status both domestically and internationally, exploring innovative applications of practical Internet of Vehicles testbed technologies, and offering forward-looking, practical, and operable construction and operation paths. The aim is to provide domestic enterprises with a systematic, actionable, and forward-looking practical application guide for the Internet of Vehicles, helping them transform the practical Internet of Vehicles testbed from a technical tool into a core strategic asset that empowers enterprise security resilience and business development.
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Key Findings
Strategic Positioning and Industry Mission
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The strategic upgrade of Internet of Vehicles testbeds: Internet of Vehicles testbeds are transitioning from traditional compliance defense to reconstructing combat capabilities, driven by the increasing mandatory compliance pressure from national laws and regulations, the complexity of vehicle threats, and the application dilemmas faced by enterprises.
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The transformation of testbed vendors’ positioning: Practical Internet of Vehicles testbeds are prompting vendors to shift from traditional security product suppliers to operators of security infrastructure and service platforms that aggregate security capabilities, positioning themselves as security enablers and connectors of industrial resources.
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The quantification of the value of Internet of Vehicles testbeds has become a focus: The core value of Internet of Vehicles testbeds is shifting from the vague concept of “capability enhancement” to “risk avoidance” and “ROI visualization.” The market is forming a relatively mature quantification system, for example, demonstrating value through quantifiable data such as reducing potential recall costs and minimizing risk exposure days.
Technical Routes and Innovation Directions
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“Virtual-Real Fusion” is the technical cornerstone of Internet of Vehicles testbeds: The core technical barrier of Internet of Vehicles testbeds lies in “virtual-real fusion,” combining real hardware with virtual network environments, where the simulation of in-vehicle protocols and physical devices is key to achieving high-fidelity testing.
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The paradigm revolution of AI-enabled Internet of Vehicles testbeds: AI will drive Internet of Vehicles testbeds towards “automation” and “intelligence,” but it is still in the exploratory stage. Currently, AI empowerment is mainly reflected in intelligent assistants, automated attack path generation, scenario orchestration, and security capability assessment, addressing the inefficiencies and insufficient scenarios of traditional Internet of Vehicles testbeds.
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The necessity of protocol-level deep digging: Conducting protocol-level deep vulnerability digging for in-vehicle buses (CAN, V2X) has become critical for practical applications. Internet of Vehicles testbeds should possess intelligent fuzz testing capabilities to enhance the ability to discover underlying protocol vulnerabilities related to physical security.
Market Applications and Localization Advantages
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The current domestic market has significant innovation advantages, forming three core technical schools: deep virtual-real fusion, in-vehicle virtualization, and collaborative interconnection. Different manufacturers are committed to solving the challenges faced by Internet of Vehicles testbed applications, such as “combat disconnection, talent shortages, and operational inefficiencies” through differentiated strategic intentions and technical barriers.
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The practicality breakthrough of in-vehicle virtualization: Some domestic manufacturers have made breakthroughs in OS-level virtualization for in-vehicle systems, enabling key components like T-Box and vehicle machines to run firmware in a purely software environment, providing a more cost-effective and concurrent testing environment, thus addressing the high costs and resource bottlenecks of real vehicle testing.
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The “trusted crowd testing” model: Some domestic manufacturers are utilizing a trusted crowd testing model, employing risk control sandbox hardware isolation technology and a full audit traceability mechanism to ensure the security of testing data and controllability of the process, addressing core concerns about data leakage and process loss of control when automotive companies introduce external resources.
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The “federal testbed” and ecological collaboration: There is ongoing exploration in China to utilize distributed heterogeneous interconnection to construct interconnected testbeds across multiple industries and manufacturers, sharing targets, scenarios, and computing power, breaking through resource bottlenecks and talent limitations, which is an inevitable trend in the future development of Internet of Vehicles testbeds.
Strategic Challenges and Future Directions
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The domestic Internet of Vehicles testbed market is in the “initial establishment” stage: Although a general legal and regulatory framework has been constructed, there is a lack of specific details and implementation models. Additionally, the market lacks comprehensive practical talents, and the maturity of technology and engineering project capabilities still lags behind foreign counterparts.
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The structural shortage of composite talents: There is a widespread structural shortage of “T-shaped” composite talents (with deep security technology and broad automotive engineering knowledge) in China, which has become a core bottleneck restricting the normalized operation and deep application of Internet of Vehicles testbeds.
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The operational dilemma of “dead testbeds”: Most Internet of Vehicles testbeds have become “dead testbeds” with low utilization rates, primarily due to a lack of normalized application scenarios and sustainable operational models. In the future, Internet of Vehicles solutions will focus on enhancing users’ ability to independently develop scenarios.
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The data challenges of AI applications: The deep application of AI in the Internet of Vehicles is mainly limited by the acquisition and labeling of high-quality training data. The attack and defense data and firmware samples in the Internet of Vehicles field often involve corporate trade secrets, becoming a strategic bottleneck for the large-scale application of AI.
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The “black box” issue of supply chain security: Within the supply chain system, the security capabilities of Internet of Vehicles device suppliers are weak, and information is opaque, posing major risks to overall vehicle safety. In the future, Internet of Vehicles testbeds will enhance firmware analysis and SBOM management capabilities, bringing supply chain risks to the forefront during the admission phase.
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The value enhancement of Internet of Vehicles testbeds: The future application trend of Internet of Vehicles testbeds is shifting from security verification to strategic collaboration. Internet of Vehicles testbeds will no longer merely be simple cost centers but will become core platforms for automotive enterprises’ business innovation, risk management, and talent strategy.
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This report is a strategic guide for decision-makers and disruptors in the Internet of Vehicles testbed space, covering the capability framework, key technologies, governance management, typical application scenarios, AI empowerment, and domestic and international markets and future trends, providing you with a systematic and actionable practical solution. We look forward to embarking on a new era of practical Internet of Vehicles testbeds with you!
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