MDR, XDR, PDR
MDR (multi-drug resistant) – Multi-drug Resistance
Bacteria are resistant to three or more categories of commonly used antimicrobial drugs.
XDR (extensively-drug resistant) – Extensive Drug Resistance
Bacteria are resistant to almost all commonly used antimicrobial drugs.
PDR (pandrug resistant) – Pan Drug Resistance
Bacteria are resistant to all categories of commonly used antimicrobial drugs.
Bacteria with the above properties can be referred to as ‘superbugs’ (superbacteria/superbug).
Common Multi-drug Resistant Organisms (MDRO):
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus（VRE）
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria（ESBLs）
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae（CRE）
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii（CR-AB）
Multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa（MDR-PA）
Pneumococci resistant to penicillin（PRSP）
Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae（KPC）
Multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis（MDR-TB）
How Are Superbugs Born?