Cell Viability Assessment Using PI, 7-AAD, and DAPI in Flow Cytometry

In flow cytometry detection, dead cells can easily lead to non-specific staining, resulting in incorrect results. Therefore, excluding dead cells is crucial. For a more detailed interpretation, please refer to the two previous articles:

Three Figures to Help You Understand Why Cell Viability Assessment is Important in Experiments

Flow Cytometry Viability Dyes: It’s Not Just About Life and Death

The identification of dead cells is generally achieved by excluding them using DNA-binding dyes, which take advantage of the increased membrane permeability of dead cells, allowing DNA dyes to enter without membrane rupture. However, the concentration and time used for these dyes are significantly lower than those used during the cell cycle, and fixation is not required.

Common nucleic acid-binding dyes for viability assessment include:

Propidium Iodide (PI)

4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Dihydrochloride (DAPI)

7-Amino-Actinomycin D (7-AAD)

DRAQ7

SYTOX

However, for some intracellular antigens (cytokines, transcription factors), fixation and membrane rupture are required. Therefore, among the dyes mentioned above, except for some amine-based dyes (such as Live/Dead, Ghost, etc.) and the new anthraquinone dye CyTRAK Orange, other dyes are no longer suitable for cell viability assessment in such specimens.

Here, I will explain the staining methods using PI, 7-AAD, and DAPI. For other commercial viability dyes, please follow the instructions provided:

1. Resuspend cells in 0.5ml of 1×PBS.

2. Add PI, DAPI, or 7-AAD, with final concentrations of PI (5 µg/ml), DAPI (500-1000 ng/ml), and 7-AAD (2.5 µM).

3. After adding the above dyes, run the samples as soon as possible, generally not exceeding 5 minutes (some manufacturers’ instructions state 10 minutes, which may depend on concentration; please follow the instructions).

PI Detection Channel: Use 488 nm excitation and collect with 610/20 BP.

DAPI Detection Channel: Ideally use 355 nm excitation and collect with 440/40 BP; 405 nm excitation and 450/50 BP collection can also be used.

7-AAD Detection Channel: Use 488 nm excitation and collect with 670/14 BP.

The image below shows the results of cell viability detection using PI:

Cell Viability Assessment Using PI, 7-AAD, and DAPI in Flow Cytometry

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