Recently, the hardware veil of the million-level luxury car domain controller was unveiled. BYD’s high-end brand “Yangwang” officially launched on November 8, 2022, targeting the million-level new energy vehicle market. The first model of the Yangwang brand is the rugged off-road vehicle Yangwang U8, and the brand also introduced the sedan Yangwang U7 and the pure electric supercar Yangwang U9.
The domain controller architecture is a core component in modern smart vehicles, with a much higher integration level and chip count than traditional cars. The “Yangwang” ADAS hardware solution integrates core functional modules such as computational decision-making, real-time control, communication fusion, and power management, achieving a leap in intelligence compared to traditional fuel vehicle electronic architectures.
BYD Yangwang domain controller mainboard chip
Computational Decision System: A Perfect Balance of Computing Power and Efficiency
The computational decision system of the BYD Yangwang domain controller uses two 7nm NVIDIA Orin X chips (TA990SA-A1), each capable of providing 254 TOPS of computing power output. These two high-performance chips together form the core computational capability of the system, providing ample computing support for intelligent driving algorithms. Compared to the electronic control units (ECUs) of traditional fuel vehicles, its computing power can support more complex perception algorithms, path planning, and decision-making.
Working alongside these two Orin X chips are eight Micron LPDDR5 memory chips (MT62F1G64D8EK-031), totaling 64GB of memory. This high-speed memory, in conjunction with the Orin X chips, ensures real-time processing of multi-channel sensor data. In intelligent driving systems, data processing latency directly affects driving safety, making high-speed, large-capacity memory crucial for achieving millisecond-level responses.
It is worth mentioning that BYD is also conducting intelligent driving research and development on major computing platforms such as NVIDIA, Horizon, and Black Sesame. Among these, NVIDIA’s platform is the most mature, and Drive Orin is currently the platform that BYD’s internal team is focusing on the most. The self-developed algorithms based on Orin N are expected to be mass-produced and deployed in vehicles as early as November, marking the first breakthrough in BYD’s self-developed intelligent driving mass production.
Storage System
The storage system of the BYD Yangwang domain controller adopts a hierarchical architecture design to meet the needs of various system parts with different storage media characteristics, achieving a good balance between performance and cost.
The storage system is configured with two Micron 128GB UFS 3.1 flash memory chips (MTFC128GAVATTC-AAT), which not only handle local data storage but also support real-time caching of high frame rate visual data due to their high bandwidth characteristics, meeting the rapid read and write requirements of image data in autonomous driving scenarios. In practical applications, visual data processing is a crucial component of intelligent driving systems, and high-bandwidth storage is essential for supporting the parallel processing of multiple high-definition video streams.
Two Micron 32GB eMMC 5.1 chips (MTFC32GASAQHD-AAT) are speculated to be used for storing core algorithm firmware, providing a stable carrier for system boot and algorithm operation with a mature embedded storage solution. eMMC storage has become the preferred choice for storing critical code and parameters in vehicle electronic systems due to its reliability.
Four Winbond NOR Flash chips (MX25U51279GXDR00, including two on the back of the board) construct a secure boot chain, ensuring the trusted loading of boot code through read-only storage characteristics, preventing firmware tampering risks. The fast boot characteristics of NOR Flash make it a key component in the vehicle system’s startup process.
This hierarchical design of the storage combination achieves a good balance between performance and cost through differentiated configurations of storage media. Additionally, the system considers data security and system reliability, ensuring stable operation of the intelligent driving system under various working conditions through the combined use of different storage media.
Power Management System
The power management system of the BYD Yangwang domain controller employs multiple advanced chips working in coordination to construct a complete power supply system, ensuring that each functional module operates stably at optimal voltage.
The power system uses four MPS digital multiphase controllers (MPQ2967), primarily for dual voltage rails and digital multiphase control in autonomous driving applications. Digital multiphase control technology allows for precise voltage regulation, ensuring that chips operate under optimal conditions, improving system efficiency and reducing heat generation.
Fourteen MPS half-bridge chips (MPQ86960) implement a multiphase parallel power supply architecture, effectively controlling the dynamic load adjustment rate. In intelligent driving systems, load changes are very frequent, especially during fluctuations in sensor data processing and algorithm calculations, requiring the power system to respond quickly to load changes and maintain stable output voltage. The multiphase power supply architecture improves the system’s dynamic response capability by paralleling multiple power conversion channels.
Two MPS 12-channel functional safety power sequencers (MPQ79700) ensure that the power-up sequence of each power rail strictly complies with standards. In complex electronic systems, the correct power-up sequence is crucial for system stability and safety. The functional safety power sequencer avoids unstable states during the system startup process by precisely controlling the startup timing of each power module, enhancing the overall safety level of the system.
Additionally, there are 12 Infineon MOSFETs (IAUC100N04S6N022) and 12 Galaxy Microelectronics MOSFETs (TBL014N04T-5DL8), two MPS synchronous buck converters (MPQ4316), two MPS power management chips (MPQ7930), two Infineon multi-output system power chips (TLF35584), two MPS high-voltage synchronous buck controllers (MPQ2918), and one XinDaJieAn encryption chip.
Furthermore, BYD recently applied for a patent titled “A Domain Controller and Vehicle Control System.” This patent indicates that the domain controller includes lateral and longitudinal control modules, where the lateral control module is used to control the vehicle’s lateral movement based on received lateral control signals, and the longitudinal control module is used to control the vehicle’s longitudinal movement based on received longitudinal control signals. The vehicle control system includes at least two domain controllers. According to this patent, it can reduce the interaction delay between different systems, improving the performance of the overall vehicle motion control system.
The in-vehicle communication network is another important part of the intelligent driving domain controller, equipped with one Marvell Ethernet switch chip (88Q6113), two Infineon second-generation AURIX microcontrollers (SAK-TC397XX-256F300S BD), and eight Marvell in-vehicle Ethernet PHY chips (88Q2112).
In terms of traditional CAN bus, it is equipped with two NXP high-speed CAN transceivers (TJA1145T) in SOP14 packages, twelve NXP high-speed CAN transceivers (TJA1044G) in SOP8 packages, and fourteen common-mode inductors forming a dual network architecture.
For audio and video input/output interface design, it uses two ADI MAX9295 series serializer/deserializer chips, four ADI dual/four-channel camera power protectors (MAX20087), two ADI buck DC-DC converters (MAX20029B), three TI level shifters (TXS0108E), four ADI GMSL deserializer chips (MAX96712), and one domestic chip Longxun LT7911D.
According to a report from the Nonferrous Network, the main chip BOM of BYD Yangwang intelligent driving control domain is as follows:
Conclusion
BYD Yangwang series intelligent driving system “Eye of God-A” is equipped with three LiDARs, five millimeter-wave radars, and twelve cameras, combined with 508 TOPS of powerful computing power, achieving centimeter-level real-time analysis of complex environments.
It is worth mentioning that this system features an innovative automatic parking function based on the “Easy Four Directions” technology platform, utilizing independent motor control of the vehicle to achieve in-place rotation and precise parking, especially adept at solving parking challenges in complex narrow spaces such as side and vertical parking spots, enhancing parking efficiency and safety.
The BYD Yangwang domain controller demonstrates a high level of sophistication in chip configuration density and circuit layout, with its design of core functional modules such as computational decision-making, real-time control, communication fusion, and power management, achieving a leap in intelligence.
From BYD’s strategic layout, its intelligent driving system is rapidly iterating. BYD’s global sales are expected to reach 4.2721 million units in 2024, a year-on-year increase of 41.26%, with passenger car sales at 4.2504 million units, a year-on-year increase of 41.1%, and overseas passenger car sales at 417,200 units, a year-on-year increase of 71.9%. In 2024, BYD is expected to be the global sales champion of new energy vehicles.
