1. Information symbolization is data, so data is the specific representation of information, and information is the logical meaning abstracted from data.
2. Information technology refers to the relevant technologies that people use to acquire, store, transmit, process, develop, and utilize information resources.
3. The core of culture is: ideas and values.
4. Computer culture is one of the four milestones in the development of human culture (the first three being: the emergence of language, the use of writing, and the invention of printing).
5. Characteristics of computers: 1) Fast computation speed 2) Large storage capacity 3) Strong versatility 4) Automation 5) High precision
6. Word length is the actual number of bits that a computer can process at one time; it is an important indicator of computing performance.
7. Word length refers to the number of binary data bits that the computer’s arithmetic component can process simultaneously, which is closely related to the computer’s functions and uses.
8. Character encoding mainly uses ASCII code, which stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
9. When representing Chinese characters internally in a computer, the highest bit of the exchange code (national standard code) is changed to 1, called “internal code”.
10. There are usually two methods for recording Chinese character shapes: dot matrix method and vector method, corresponding to two types of shape encoding: dot matrix code and vector code.
11. A 16×16 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 32 bytes, while a 32×32 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 128 bytes, and dot matrix code is difficult to scale and prone to distortion.
12. Chinese character input codes can be divided into four types: flow code, phonetic code, shape code, and combined phonetic-shape code. Full pinyin input method, intelligent ABC, and Microsoft Pinyin are phonetic codes, while Wubi input is a shape code. Phonetic codes have many duplicates and slow input speed; shape codes have fewer duplicates and faster input speed, but are more difficult to learn and master. Currently, intelligent ABC, Microsoft Pinyin, Unisound Pinyin input, and Sogou input are mainstream Chinese character input methods.
13. A computer system consists of hardware and software systems, with software systems further divided into system software and application software, among which the operating system is the most important system software.
14. A computer that has not been configured with any software is called a bare machine.
15. Common input devices include: mouse, keyboard, scanner, digitizer, digital camera, barcode reader, digital camera, A/D converter, etc. 16. The controller and arithmetic unit are collectively referred to as the central processing unit (CPU, Central Processing Unit). It is the core component of the computer.
17. The most commonly used output devices are monitors, printers, and speakers, as well as plotters and various D/A converters.
18. From the perspective of information input and output, disk drives and tape drives can be considered both input and output devices.
19. An instruction is a command that directs the computer to perform a certain operation, consisting of a series of binary codes, including operation codes and address codes.
20. A computer has many instructions, each with different functions. The collection of all instructions is called the computer instruction system. Different computer systems have different instruction systems; common instruction systems include Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) and Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC).
21. Software refers to the totality of programs, data, and related documents required for the operation of a computer. Data is the processing object of the program, and documents are materials related to the development, maintenance, and use of the program.
22. System software is the layer of the computer system that is closest to the hardware, mainly including operating systems, language processing programs, database management systems, supporting service software, etc.
23. An operating system (OS, Operating System) is a systematic collection of programs that control and manage computer resources, serving as an interface between users and the computer hardware system, providing a bridge for users and application software to access and control computer hardware.
24. Algorithms have the following main properties: ① finiteness; ② definiteness; ③ feasibility; ④ input/output.
25. The operating system is a large management control program that includes five management functions: processor management, storage management, device management, file management, and job management.
26. Operating systems can be classified according to their running environments into real-time operating systems, time-sharing operating systems, and batch processing operating systems. (2) According to the number of users managed, they can be classified into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems. (3) According to the number of jobs managed simultaneously, they can be classified into single-user single-task operating systems, single-user multi-task operating systems, and multi-user multi-task operating systems.
27. Common database management systems include FoxPro, FoxBASE+, Access on microcomputers, and large database management systems such as Oracle, DB2, Sybase, SQL Server, etc., which are all relational database management systems. 28. Basics of program design: data structures and algorithms are the two main aspects of a program; it can generally be considered that: program = algorithm + data structure.
29. Programming languages: (1) Machine language: the only language that computer systems can recognize without translation. (2) Assembly language: the symbolization of machine language. (3) High-level languages: significantly improve programming efficiency.
30. Machine language and assembly language are generally referred to as low-level languages.
31. High-level languages can be divided into two categories: interpreted and compiled.
32. Interpreter: An interpreter accepts source programs written in a certain programming language (such as Basic) and interprets and executes each statement of the source program one by one, ultimately producing a result. The interpreter translates and executes the source program simultaneously, without generating a target program.
33. Compiler: A compiler is a translation program that translates a source program written in a high-level language into an equivalent target program represented in machine language; this translation process is called compilation.
34. Microprocessor (CPU) is a large-scale integrated circuit chip that integrates the arithmetic unit, control unit, and high-speed internal cache; it is the most important core component of a computer.
35. Microcontroller: A microcontroller is formed by integrating a microprocessor (CPU), a certain capacity of memory, and I/O interface circuits on a single chip.
36. Single-board computer: A single-board computer is formed by installing a microprocessor, memory, and I/O interface circuits on a printed circuit board.
37. PC (Personal Computer): A microcomputer used by a single user is generally referred to as a PC, which is currently the most widely used type of microcomputer.
38. Portable microcomputers generally include notebook computers and personal digital assistants (PDAs).
39. The memory in a microcomputer generally refers to random access memory (RAM). The unit of main frequency is Hertz (Hz).
40. Currently common memory types include SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, and DDR II SDRAM.
41. The floppy disk has a diameter of 3.5 inches and a capacity of 1.44 MB.
42. The floppy disk has a write protection notch; when the write protection notch is in the protected state (i.e., the write protection notch is open), only information on the disk can be read but not written to, which prevents erasure or rewriting of data and also prevents virus invasion.
43. The bus in a microcomputer is generally divided into data bus, address bus, and control bus, used for transmitting data, data addresses, and control signals, respectively.
44. The motherboard is the largest circuit board in a microcomputer system, sometimes referred to as the main board or system board; it is a large printed circuit board with various ports.
45. A computer with multimedia processing capabilities is called a multimedia computer. Multimedia has the characteristics of diversity, real-time, interactivity, and integration.
46. Development of computers:
(1) First generation (1946—1957) vacuum tube computers, machine language, assembly language, scientific computing.
(2) Second generation (1958—1964) transistor computers, transistors, high-level programming languages, data processing.
(3) Third generation (1965—1970) integrated circuit computers, medium and small scale integrated circuits, high-level programming languages widely used in various fields.
(4) Fourth generation (1971—present) integrated circuit computers, integrated circuits, object-oriented high-level languages, network era. (5) Fifth generation future computers, photon, quantum, DNA, etc.
47. The operating system has four main characteristics: (1) concurrency (2) sharing (3) virtualization (4) asynchrony.
48. Concurrency refers to the simultaneous execution of two or more running programs within the same time interval.
49. The operating system is a concurrent system; systems that adopt concurrent technology are also called multitasking systems.
50. File management mainly completes the following tasks: providing file logical organization methods, providing file physical organization methods, providing methods for file access, providing methods for file usage, implementing file directory management, implementing file access control, and implementing file storage space.
51. The operating system can generally be divided into three basic types: 1) batch processing systems; 2) time-sharing systems; 3) real-time systems.
52. With the development of computer science, many types of operating systems have emerged, mainly including embedded operating systems, personal operating systems, network operating systems, distributed operating systems, etc.
53. The working mode of a batch processing operating system is: users submit jobs to the system operator, who combines many users’ jobs into a batch and inputs them into the computer, forming a continuous job flow in the system that is automatically transferred, then starts the operating system, which automatically executes each job in turn, and finally the operator hands the job results back to the users.
54. The working mode of a time-sharing operating system is: one mainframe connects several terminals, each terminal has a user using it, users interactively issue command requests to the system, which accepts each user’s command, processes service requests in a time-slice rotation manner, and displays results to users on the terminal interactively.
55. A real-time operating system is one that enables the computer to respond promptly to external event requests and complete processing of the event within a specified strict timeframe, coordinating the operation of all real-time devices and tasks.
56. An embedded operating system is one that runs in an embedded system environment, coordinating, scheduling, commanding, and controlling various components and resources of the entire embedded system.
57. Depending on the number of users using the computer at the same time, operating systems can be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems.
58. A single-user operating system means that only one user can use a computer at the same time, with one user enjoying all hardware and software resources of the system, while if multiple users can use the computer simultaneously, it is called a multi-user operating system.
59. If users can run multiple applications at the same time (each application is called a task), the operating system is called a multi-tasking operating system; if users can only run one application at the same time, the corresponding operating system is called a single-task operating system.
60. Early DOS operating systems were single-user single-task operating systems, while Windows 7 is a single-user multi-task operating system.
61. Network operating systems are based on computer networks and are software developed on various computer operating systems according to network architecture, protocols, and standards, including network management, communication, security, resource sharing, and various network applications, aiming for mutual communication and resource sharing.
62. A large number of computers connected through a network can achieve extremely high computing power and wide data sharing; such a system is called a distributed system.
63. MS-DOS has a character-based user interface and operates and manages in a command-line manner, which is very inconvenient and requires users to memorize a large number of DOS commands.
64. Unix operating system is a general-purpose, interactive time-sharing operating system.
65. Mac OS is an operating system launched by Apple Inc. that runs on Macintosh computers. Mac OS is the pioneer of fully graphical interfaces and operating methods.
66. The most popular versions of Windows XP are the Home Edition and Professional Edition.
67. A shortcut is a file with the extension .lnk, usually associated with an application or document.
68. Minimum system requirements for Windows:
(1) Recommended computer clock frequency is 300 MHz or higher processor, at least 233 MHz (single or dual processor system), recommended using Intel Pentium/Celeron series, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron series, or compatible processors;
(2) Recommended using 128 MB RAM or more (minimum support 64M, which may affect performance and certain functions);
(3) 1.5GB available hard disk space; (4) Super VGA (800×600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitor;
(5) CD-ROM or DVD drive; (6) keyboard and Microsoft mouse or compatible pointing device.
69. The Windows interface is highly unified in appearance, style, and operation. (1) border (2) title bar (3) menu bar (4) toolbar (5) status bar (6) document view (7) scrollbar
70. Modal dialog box: refers to a type of dialog box that prohibits interaction with the main program window when it is open; only closing this dialog box allows interaction with the main window.
71. Non-modal dialog box: refers to dialog boxes that allow interaction with the main window even when displayed.
72. File: refers to a collection of related information stored on external storage.
73. A file can store a program, an article, a piece of music, a picture, etc.
74. Certain symbols such as /, \, *, ?, <, >, | are not allowed in file names.
75. The main file name should be related to the content of the file, and the extension is used to distinguish the type of file, hence the extension is also called the type name.
76. At any given moment, only one node will be in an open state; when a node is in an open state, its name will turn blue, and some node icons will also change accordingly.
77. The excellent characteristics of Windows can be attributed to the adoption of the advanced Unicode character set. The Unicode character set is a 16-bit character encoding standard developed by the Unicode Consortium.
78. The right side of the console lists the user accounts on the computer; the Administrator and Guest accounts are automatically created when installing the Windows system, providing the possibility for management during the first login.
79. To prevent unauthorized users from attempting to log in to the computer as Administrator, the Administrator can be renamed but cannot be deleted.
80. The Guest account can be disabled or renamed by the administrator for security reasons, but the account cannot be deleted.
81. The Paint program is a simple drawing tool that allows users to create black-and-white or color graphics, save these graphics as bitmap files (.bmp), print them, set them as desktop backgrounds, or paste them into other documents, and also allows users to view and edit scanned photos using Paint.
82. WordPad and Notepad are two text processing programs that come with Windows 7, both providing basic text editing functions.
83. WordPad has stronger functionality, allowing users to create and edit formatted files, with an interface and usage method very similar to Word.
84. Notepad is a text file editor that allows users to edit simple documents or create web pages. The usage of Notepad is very simple; the files it edits are text files, making it very convenient for editing source programs of some high-level languages.
85. In the 1980s, commonly used word processing systems included WPS, table editing software CCED, document editing system Word Star, etc.
86. Layout design is an important task that includes page setup, page numbers, column layout, headers, and footers settings.
87. The seven commonly used components of Microsoft Office for daily office tasks are: word processing software Word, spreadsheet software Excel, presentation software PowerPoint, database management software Access, dynamic form software InfoPath, email management software Outlook, and desktop publishing software Publisher.
88. The title bar is located at the top of the window, defaulting to blue. It contains the application name, document name, and control buttons.
89. The method to show or hide toolbars: right-click on any position of the toolbar or tab and select the desired toolbar from the pop-up shortcut menu.
90. The task pane can be called up through “Page Layout” – “Task Pane”.
91. The ruler has horizontal and vertical types, used to determine the position of documents on the screen and paper. The horizontal ruler’s indent buttons can also be used for paragraph indentation and margin adjustments. The ruler’s tab can also be used to set tab stops.
92. The status bar is located at the bottom of the window, displaying the current status of the window, such as the current page number, section number, current page and total page number, cursor insertion point position, overwrite/insert status, current language in use, etc.
93. Common methods to start Word 2010 include: (1) Click “Start” → “Programs” → “Microsoft Office” → “Microsoft Office Word 2010”. (2) Double-click the Word shortcut icon established on the desktop. (3) Double-click an established Word document.
94. Common methods to exit Word 2010 include: (1) Click the “Close” button in the upper right corner of the Word window. (2) Click the “Exit” command in the “File” menu. (3) Double-click the control icon in the upper left corner of the Word window or use the shortcut key Alt+F4.
95. Click the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu, then click the “Save” tab in the pop-up dialog, check the “Automatically save time interval” checkbox and set the auto-save time interval, and you can edit your work with peace of mind.
96. To open a document: (1) Click the “Open” command in the “File” tab (2) Click the “Open” tool button on the common toolbar (3) Use the Ctrl+O shortcut key. (4) Click one of the four documents usually listed under the “File” tab that were recently used (you can set the number of documents listed under the “File” menu by selecting the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu and clicking the “General” tab in the dialog box).
97. To create a new blank document: (1) Directly click the “New” button on the common toolbar. (2) Use the shortcut key Ctrl+N.
98. To close a document: (1) Click the “Close” command in the “File” menu to close the currently edited document. (2) Click the “Close” button in the upper right corner of the document window to close the currently edited document.
99. Using keyboard commands or shortcut keys: pressing the Home and End keys can quickly move the insertion point to the beginning or end of the document; pressing the Ctrl+Home and Ctrl+End shortcut keys can quickly move the insertion point to the beginning and end of the document.
100. Word provides two input states: “Insert” and “Overwrite” state. The “Insert” state means that the text typed will be inserted at the current cursor position, pushing the text behind it sequentially; the “Overwrite” state means that the text typed will overwrite the text after the cursor in sequence.
