MID-AUTUMN
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1. The symbolization of information is data, so data is the specific representation of information, and information is the logical meaning abstracted from data.
2. Information technology refers to the technologies related to acquiring, storing, transmitting, processing, developing, and utilizing information resources.
3. The core of culture is ideas and values.
4. Computer culture is one of the four milestones in the development of human culture (the other three are the emergence of language, the use of writing, and the invention of printing).
5. The characteristics of computers are 1) fast computing speed, 2) large storage capacity, 3) strong versatility, 4) automation, and 5) high accuracy.
6. The word length is the actual number of bits that a computer can process at one time, and it is an important indicator of computing performance.
7. The word length refers to the number of binary data bits that the arithmetic unit can process simultaneously, which is greatly related to the function and purpose of the computer.
8. The main character encoding is ASCII, which stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
9. When representing Chinese characters internally in a computer, the highest bit of the two bytes of the exchange code (national standard code) is changed to 1, which is called internal code.
10. There are usually two methods to record the glyphs of Chinese characters: dot matrix method and vector method, corresponding to two types of character encoding: dot matrix code and vector code.
11. A 16×16 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 32 bytes, while a 32×32 dot matrix character occupies 128 bytes, and dot matrix codes are difficult to scale and easily distorted.
12. Chinese character input codes can be divided into four types: flow codes, phonetic codes, shape codes, and combined phonetic and shape codes. Full拼 input method, smart ABC, and Microsoft Pinyin are phonetic codes, while Wubi input method is a shape code. Phonetic codes have many duplicates and slow input speed; shape codes have fewer duplicates and faster input speed but are more difficult to learn and master. Currently, smart ABC, Microsoft Pinyin, Ziguang Pinyin input method, and Sogou input method are the mainstream Chinese character input methods.
13. A computer system consists of two parts: hardware system and software system, with the software system further divided into system software and application software, among which the operating system is the most important system software.
14. A computer without any software configured is called a bare machine.
15. Common input devices include: mouse, keyboard, scanner, digitizer, digital camera, barcode reader, digital camera, and A/D converters.
16. The controller and the arithmetic unit are collectively referred to as the central processing unit (CPU, Central Processing Unit). It is the core component of the computer.
17. The most commonly used output devices are monitors, printers, and speakers, as well as plotters and various D/A converters.
18. From the perspective of input and output of information, disk drives and tape drives can be regarded as both input and output devices.
19. An instruction is a command that instructs the computer to perform a certain operation, composed of a string of binary numbers, which includes an operation code and an address code.
20. A computer has many instructions, each with different functions. The collection of all instructions is called the computer instruction system. Different computer systems have different instruction systems. Currently, common instruction systems include CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer).
21. Software refers to the totality of programs, data, and related documents required for the operation of the computer. Data is the processing object of the program, and documents are materials related to the development, maintenance, and use of the program.
22. System software is the layer of software closest to the hardware in a computer system, mainly including the operating system, language processing programs, database management systems, and supporting service software.
23. The operating system (OS, Operating System) is a systematic collection of programs that control and manage computer resources. It serves as an interface between the user and the computer hardware system, providing a bridge for users and application software to access and control computer hardware.
24. An algorithm is characterized by:①Finite；②Deterministic；③Feasibility；④Input/Output。
25. The operating system is a large management control program that includes five management functions: processor management, storage management, device management, file management, and job management.
26. The operating system
（1） can be divided into real-time operating systems, time-sharing operating systems, and batch processing operating systems based on their operating environments.
（2） can be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems based on the number of users it manages.
（3） can be divided into single-user single-task operating systems, single-user multi-task operating systems, and multi-user multi-task operating systems based on the number of jobs managed simultaneously.
27. Common database management systems include FoxPro, FoxBASE+, Access on microcomputers, and large database management systems such as Oracle, DB2, Sybase, and SQL Server, all of which are relational database management systems.
28. Basic program design: data structures and algorithms are the two main aspects of programming;
Usually, it can be considered that: program = algorithm + data structure.
29. Programming languages:
（1）Machine language: the only language that the computer system can recognize without translation.
（2）Assembly language: the symbolization of machine language.
（3）High-level language: greatly improves programming efficiency.
30. Machine language and assembly language are generally referred to as low-level languages.
31. High-level languages can be divided into two categories: interpreted and compiled.
32. An interpreter: an interpreter accepts source programs written in a certain programming language (such as Basic) and interprets and executes each statement of the source program one by one, ultimately producing results. The interpreter translates and executes the source program simultaneously, without generating a target program.
33. A compiler: a compiler is a translation program that translates source programs written in high-level languages into equivalent target programs represented in machine language, a process known as compilation.
34. A microprocessor (CPU) is a large-scale integrated circuit chip that integrates the arithmetic unit, controller, and high-speed internal cache, making it the most important core component of the computer.
35. A microcontroller integrates a microprocessor (CPU), a certain capacity of memory, and I/O interface circuits on a single chip.
36. A single board computer integrates a microprocessor, memory, and I/O interface circuits on a printed circuit board.
37. A personal computer (PC, Personal Computer) is generally referred to as a microcomputer used by a single user, and it is currently the most widely used type of microcomputer.
38. Portable microcomputers generally include laptop computers and personal digital assistants (PDA).
39. The memory in a microcomputer generally refers to random access memory (RAM). The unit of main frequency is Hertz (Hz).
40. Currently, commonly used memory includes SDRAM and DDR SDRAM, as well as DDR II SDRAM.
41. A floppy disk has a diameter of 3.5 inches and a capacity of 1.44 MB.
42. A floppy disk has a write protection hole; when the write protection hole is in the protected state (i.e., the write protection hole is open), it can only read the information on the disk and cannot write, which prevents data from being erased or rewritten and also prevents virus intrusion.
43. The bus in a microcomputer is generally divided into data bus, address bus, and control bus, used to transmit data, data addresses, and control signals respectively.
44. The motherboard is the largest circuit board in a microcomputer system, sometimes referred to as the mainboard or system board; it is a large printed circuit board with various ports.
45. A computer with multimedia processing capabilities is called a multimedia computer. Multimedia has the characteristics of diversity, real-time, interactivity, and integration.
46. The development of computers:
(1) First generation (1946–1957): electronic tube computers, machine language, assembly language, scientific computing.
(2) Second generation (1958–1964): transistor computers, transistors, high-level programming languages, data processing.
(3) Third generation (1965–1970): integrated circuit computers, medium and small scale integrated circuits, high-level programming languages, widely used in various fields.
(4) Fourth generation (1971–present): integrated circuit computers, object-oriented high-level languages, network era. Fifth generation: future computers, photonic quantum, DNA, etc.
47. The operating system has four main characteristics:(1) Concurrency ; (2) Sharing ; (3) Virtuality ; (4) Asynchronicity.
48. Concurrency refers to two or more running programs executing simultaneously within the same time interval. The operating system is a concurrent system.
49. Systems that adopt concurrency technology are also known as multi-tasking systems.
50. File management mainly completes the following tasks: providing logical organization methods for files, providing physical organization methods for files, providing access methods for files, providing usage methods for files, implementing directory management for files, implementing access control for files, and implementing storage space for files.
51. The operating system can generally be divided into three basic types: 1) batch processing systems; 2) time-sharing systems; 3) real-time systems.
52. With the development of computer science, many types of operating systems have emerged, mainly embedded operating systems, personal operating systems, network operating systems, and distributed operating systems.
53. The working mode of batch processing (Batch Processing) operating systems is: users submit jobs to system operators, who compile many users’ jobs into a batch of jobs, then input them into the computer, forming an automatic continuous job flow in the system, after which the operating system is started, and the system automatically executes each job in turn, finally returning the results to the users.
54. The working mode of time-sharing (Time Sharing) operating systems is: a host connects several terminals, each with a user. Users interactively submit command requests to the system, which accepts each user’s command, processes service requests using a time-slice rotation method, and displays results to users on the terminal interactively.
55. A real-time operating system (Real Time Operating System) is one that enables the computer to respond promptly to external event requests and complete processing of those events within a specified strict time, coordinating the operation of all real-time devices and real-time tasks.
56. An embedded operating system (Embedded Operating System) runs in an embedded system environment, coordinating, scheduling, commanding, and controlling various components and resources of the entire embedded system.
57. Based on the number of users using the computer at the same time, operating systems can be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems.
58. A single-user operating system means that only one user can use a computer at the same time, enjoying all hardware and software resources, while if multiple users are allowed to use the computer simultaneously, it is called a multi-user operating system.
59. If users can run multiple applications at the same time (each application is called a task), such an operating system is called a multi-task operating system; if users can only run one application at the same time, the corresponding operating system is called a single-task operating system.
60. Early DOS operating systems were single-user single-task operating systems, while Windows XP is a single-user multi-task operating system.
61. A network operating system is based on computer networks, developed on various computer operating systems according to network architecture, protocols, and standards, including network management, communication, security, resource sharing, and various network applications, with the goal of mutual communication and resource sharing.
62. A system where numerous computers are interconnected through a network to achieve high computing power and extensive data sharing is called a distributed system (Distributed System).
63. MS-DOS has a character-based user interface that operates and manages using command lines, which is very inconvenient and requires users to memorize a large number of DOS commands.
64. The Unix operating system is a general-purpose, interactive time-sharing operating system.
65. The Mac OS operating system is launched by Apple Inc. and runs on Macintosh computers. Mac OS is the pioneer of the fully graphical interface and operation method.
66. The most popular versions of Windows XP are the Home Edition and Professional Edition.
67. A shortcut is a file with the extension .lnk, generally associated with an application or document.
68. The minimum system requirements for Windows XP are:
（1） It is recommended that the computer use a processor with a clock frequency of 300 MHz or higher, and at least 233 MHz (for single or dual-processor systems). It is recommended to use Intel Pentium/Celeron series, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron series, or compatible processors;
（2） It is recommended to use 128 MB RAM or more (minimum support 64M, which may affect performance and some functions);
（3） 1.5GB of available hard disk space;
（4） Super VGA (800×600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitor;
（5） A CD-ROM or DVD drive;
（6） A keyboard and a Microsoft mouse or compatible pointing device.
69. The windows in Windows are highly unified in appearance, style, and operation.
（1） Frame (2) Title bar (3) Menu bar (4) Tool bar (5) Status bar (6) Document view (7) Scroll bar
70. A modal dialog box: refers to a type of dialog box that prohibits processing of the main program window when it is open; only by closing this dialog box can the main window be processed.
71. A non-modal dialog box: refers to those dialog boxes that allow processing of the main window even when the dialog box is displayed.
72. A file is a collection of related information stored on external storage devices.
73. What is stored in a file can be a program, an article, a piece of music, a picture, etc.
74. Special characters such as /, \