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1. The symbolization of information is data, so data is the specific representation of information, and information is the logical meaning abstracted from data.

2. Information technology refers to the relevant technologies that people use to acquire, store, transmit, process, develop, and utilize information resources.

3. The core of culture is: concepts and values.

4. Computer culture is one of the four milestones in the development of human culture (the other three are: the emergence of language, the use of writing, and the invention of printing).

5. The characteristics of computers:

(1) Fast computing speed; (2) Large storage capacity; (3) Strong versatility; (4) Automation; (5) High precision

6. Word length is the actual number of bits that a computer can process at one time, and it is an important indicator of computing performance.

7. Word length refers to the number of binary data bits that the arithmetic unit of the computer can process simultaneously, which is closely related to the computer’s functions and uses.

8. Character encoding is mainly ASCII code, which stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

9. When representing Chinese characters internally in a computer, the highest bit of the exchange code (national standard code) is changed to 1, referred to as internal code.

10. There are usually two methods for recording Chinese character shapes: dot matrix method and vector method, corresponding to two types of character encoding: dot matrix code and vector code.

11. A 16×16 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 32 bytes, while a 32×32 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 128 bytes, and dot matrix codes are difficult to scale and prone to distortion.

12. Chinese character input codes can be divided into flow codes, phonetic codes, shape codes, and phonetic-shape combined codes.

Phonetic input methods such as Pinyin input, Intelligent ABC, and Microsoft Pinyin are phonetic codes, while Wubi input is a shape code. Phonetic codes have many overlaps and slow input speed; shape codes have fewer overlaps and faster input speed but are more difficult to learn and master. Currently, Intelligent ABC, Microsoft Pinyin, Ziguang Pinyin input, and Sogou input are mainstream Chinese character input methods.

13. The computer system consists of hardware and software systems, with software systems further divided into system software and application software, among which the operating system is the most important system software.

14. A computer without any software configuration is called bare machine.

15. Common input devices include: mouse, keyboard, scanner, digitizer, digital camera, barcode reader, digital camera, A/D converter, etc.

16. The controller and arithmetic unit are collectively referred to as the central processing unit (CPU, Central Processing Unit). It is the core component of the computer.

17. The most commonly used output devices are monitors, printers, and speakers, as well as plotters and various D/A converters.

18. From the perspective of information input and output, disk drives and tape drives can be seen as both input and output devices.

19. Instructions are commands that instruct the computer to perform certain operations, composed of a string of binary codes, which include operation codes and address codes.

20. A computer has many instructions, each with different functions. The collection of all instructions is called the computer instruction system. Different computer systems have different instruction systems, and common instruction systems today include Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) and Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC).

21. Software refers to the sum of programs, data, and relevant documents required for the operation of the computer. Data is the processing object of programs, and documents are materials related to the development, maintenance, and use of programs.

22. System software is the closest layer to hardware in the computer system, mainly including operating systems, language processing programs, database management systems, and supporting service software.

23. Operating System (OS) is a collection of systematic programs that control and manage computer resources, serving as an interface between users and computer hardware systems, providing access and control over computer hardware for users and application software.

24. Algorithms: Their main properties are: 1) finiteness; 2) determinism; 3) feasibility; 4) input/output.

25. The operating system is a large management control program with five management functions: processor management, storage management, device management, file management, and job management.

26. Operating systems:

(1) can be divided into real-time operating systems, time-sharing operating systems, and batch processing operating systems based on their running environments.

(2) can be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems based on the number of users they manage.

(3) can be divided into single-user single-task operating systems, single-user multi-task operating systems, and multi-user multi-task operating systems based on the number of jobs managed simultaneously.

27. Common database management systems include FoxPro, FoxBASE+, Access on personal computers, and large database management systems like Oracle, DB2, Sybase, SQL Server, etc. All of them are relational database management systems.

28. Basic programming design: Data structures and algorithms are the two main aspects of programming; it can generally be considered that: program = algorithm + data structure.

29. Programming languages:

(1) Machine language: the language recognized by the computer system that does not require translation;

(2) Assembly language: the symbolic representation of machine language;

(3) High-level language: greatly improves programming efficiency.

30. Machine language and assembly language are generally referred to as low-level languages.

31. High-level languages can be divided into two categories: interpreted and compiled.

32. Interpreter: An interpreter accepts source programs written in a programming language (such as Basic) and interprets and executes each statement of the source program sequentially, ultimately producing results. The interpreter translates the source program while executing it, without generating target programs.

33. Compiler: A compiler is a translation program that translates source programs written in high-level languages into equivalent target programs represented in machine language. This translation process is called compilation.

34. Microprocessor (CPU) is an ultra-large-scale integrated circuit chip that integrates the arithmetic unit, control unit, and high-speed internal cache; it is the most important core component of the computer.

35. Microcontroller: Integrating the microprocessor (CPU), a certain capacity of memory, and I/O interface circuits on one chip constitutes a microcontroller.

36. Single-board computer: Installing the microprocessor, memory, and I/O interface circuits on a printed circuit board becomes a single-board computer.

37. PC (Personal Computer): A microcomputer used by a single user is generally referred to as a PC, which is currently the most widely used type of microcomputer.

38. Portable microcomputers: Portable microcomputers generally include laptops and personal digital assistants (PDAs).

39. The memory in microcomputers generally refers to random access memory (RAM). The unit of main frequency is Hertz (Hz).

40. Currently, commonly used memory includes SDRAM and DDR SDRAM, as well as DDRII SDRAM, etc.

41. Floppy disk: Its diameter is 3.5 inches, and its capacity is 1.44MB.

42. Floppy disks have a write protection notch; when the write protection notch is in the protected state (i.e., the write protection notch is open), only reading from the disk is allowed, while writing is not permitted, used to prevent erasure or rewriting of data and to prevent virus intrusion.

43. The bus in microcomputers is generally divided into data bus, address bus, and control bus, used to transmit data, data addresses, and control signals, respectively.

44. The motherboard is the largest circuit board in a microcomputer system, sometimes referred to as the main board or system board, which is a large printed circuit board with various sockets.

45. Computers with multimedia processing capabilities are called multimedia computers. Multimedia has characteristics of diversity, real-time, interactivity, and integration.

46. The development of computers:

(1) First generation (1946-1957): electronic tube computers, machine language, assembly language, scientific computing;

(2) Second generation (1958-1964): transistor computers, transistors, high-level programming languages, data processing;

(3) Third generation (1965-1970): integrated circuit computers, small and medium scale integrated circuits, high-level programming languages, widely used in various fields;

(4) Fourth generation (1971-present): integrated circuit computers, integrated circuits, object-oriented high-level languages, network era;

(5) Fifth generation: future computers, photonic, quantum, DNA, etc.

47. The operating system has four main characteristics: (1) concurrency; (2) sharing; (3) virtualization; (4) asynchrony.

48. Concurrency is defined as when two or more running programs execute simultaneously within the same time interval.

49. The operating system is a concurrent system, and systems that adopt concurrency technology are also known as multi-task systems.

50. File management mainly completes the following tasks: providing logical organization methods for files, providing physical organization methods for files, providing methods for accessing files, providing methods for using files, implementing directory management for files, implementing access control for files, and implementing storage space for files.

51. Operating systems can generally be divided into three basic types: 1) Batch processing systems; 2) Time-sharing systems; 3) Real-time systems.

52. With the development of computer science, many types of operating systems have emerged, mainly including embedded operating systems, personal operating systems, network operating systems, distributed operating systems, etc.

53. The working method of batch processing (Batch Processing) operating systems is: users submit jobs to system operators, and system operators group many users’ jobs into a batch, which is then input into the computer, forming an automatically connected continuous job flow in the system, and then the operating system is started to automatically and sequentially execute each job, and finally the operator returns the job results to the users.

54. The working method of time-sharing (Time Sharing) operating systems is: a mainframe connects several terminals, each terminal has a user, and users interactively issue command requests to the system, which accepts each user’s command and processes service requests using a time-slice rotation method, displaying results to users on the terminals through interaction.

55. The real-time operating system (Real Time Operating System) is designed to enable the computer to respond promptly to external event requests and complete the processing of that event within a specified strict time, controlling all real-time devices and ensuring the coordinated operation of real-time tasks.

56. The embedded operating system (Embedded Operating System) runs in an embedded system environment, coordinating, scheduling, directing, and controlling various components and resources it operates and controls.

57. Based on the number of users using the computer at the same time, operating systems can also be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems.

58. A single-user operating system means that only one user can use a computer at the same time, and a single user enjoys all hardware and software resources of the system, while if multiple users are allowed to use the computer simultaneously, it is called a multi-user operating system.

59. If users can run multiple applications (each application is called a task) simultaneously, such an operating system is called a multi-task operating system; if users can only run one application at one time, the corresponding operating system is called a single-task operating system.

60. Early DOS operating systems are single-user single-task operating systems, while Windows 7 is a single-user multi-task operating system.

61. The network operating system is based on computer networks, developed on various computer operating systems according to network architecture, protocols, and standards, including network management, communication, security, resource sharing, and various network applications, aiming for mutual communication and resource sharing.

62. A large number of computers connected through the network can achieve extremely high computing power and extensive data sharing, and this type of system is called a distributed system (Distributed System).

63. MS-DOS has a character-based user interface, using command-line methods for operation and management, which is inconvenient and requires users to memorize a large number of DOS commands.

64. The Unix operating system is a general-purpose, interactive time-sharing operating system.

65. The Mac OS operating system is an operating system launched by Apple Inc., running on Macintosh computers. Mac OS is the ancestor of fully graphical interfaces and operation methods.

66. Windows XP is currently the most popular version, with home and professional editions.

67. A shortcut is a file with the extension .lnk, usually associated with an application or document.

68. Windows windows have a high degree of uniformity in appearance, style, and operation methods.

(1) Border; (2) Title bar; (3) Menu bar; (4) Toolbar; (5) Status bar; (6) Document view; (7) Scroll bar.

69. Minimum system requirements for Windows:

(1) Recommended processor clock frequency of 300MHz or higher, at least 233MHz (single or dual-processor systems), recommended using Intel Pentium/Celeron series, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron series or compatible processors;

(2) Recommended using 128MB RAM or higher (minimum support 64M may affect performance and certain functions); (3) 1.5GB available hard disk space;

(4) Super VGA (800×600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitor;

(5) CD-ROM or DVD drive;

(6) Keyboard and Microsoft mouse or compatible pointing device.

70. Modal dialog boxes: refer to those types of dialog boxes that prohibit the main program window when opened, and only when this dialog box is closed can the main window be processed.

71. Non-modal dialog boxes: Non-modal dialog boxes refer to those that allow the main window to be processed even when the dialog box is displayed.

72. A file refers to a collection of related information stored on external storage.

73. The file can store a program, an article, a piece of music, a picture, etc.

74. Certain symbols such as /、 、*、?、<、>、| are not allowed in file names.

75. The main file name should relate to the content of the file, with the extension distinguishing the file type, which is why the extension is also called type name.

76. At any given moment, only one node can be in an open state, and when a node is in an open state, its name will turn blue, and some nodes’ icons may also change accordingly.

77. The excellent features of Windows are attributed to the advanced Unicode character set.

The Unicode character set is a 16-bit character encoding standard developed by the Unicode Consortium.

78. The right side of the console lists user accounts on the computer, Administrator and Guest accounts are automatically created when installing the Windows system, allowing for management upon first login to the computer.

79. To prevent unauthorized users from attempting to log in to the computer as Administrator, the name of the Administrator can be changed, but the account cannot be deleted.

80. The Guest account can be disabled or renamed by the administrator for security reasons, but the account cannot be deleted.

81. The drawing program is a simple drawing tool that allows users to draw black and white or colored graphics, save these graphics as bitmap files (.bmp files), print them, use them as desktop backgrounds, or paste them into another document, and can also be used to view and edit scanned photos.

82. WordPad and Notepad are two text processing programs included with Windows 7, both providing basic text editing functions.

83. WordPad has stronger functionality, allowing users to create and edit formatted files, its interface and usage are very similar to those of Word.

84. Notepad is a text file editor that allows users to edit simple documents or create web pages. The use of Notepad is very simple, and the files it edits are text files, greatly facilitating the editing of source programs in some high-level languages.

85. In the 1980s, widely used word processing systems included WPS, CCED, Word, Star, etc.

86. Layout design is an important task that includes page settings, page numbers, column layout, header and footer settings, etc.

87. Microsoft Office consists of seven commonly used components for daily office tasks: Word (word processing software), Excel (spreadsheet processing software), PowerPoint (presentation software), Access (database management software), InfoPath (dynamic form software), Outlook (email management software), Publisher (desktop publishing software).

88. The title bar is located at the top of the window, defaulting to blue. It contains the application name, document name, and control buttons.

89. The method to show or hide the toolbar: right-click on any position of the toolbar or tab, and select the required toolbar from the popup shortcut menu.

90. The task pane can be called up through “Page Layout” – “Task Pane”.

91. The ruler has horizontal and vertical rulers, used to determine the position of the document on the screen and paper. It can also use the indentation buttons on the horizontal ruler to adjust paragraph indentation and margins. Tab stops can also be set using the tab character on the ruler.

92. The status bar is located at the bottom of the window, displaying the current status of the form, such as the current page number, section number, current page and total pages, cursor insertion point position, overwrite/insert status, and current language in use.

93. Common methods to launch Word 2010 include:

(1) Click “Start” → “Programs” → “Microsoft Office” → “Microsoft Office Word 2010”;

(2) Double-click the Word shortcut icon established on the desktop;

(3) Double-click a Word document that has been established.

94. Common methods to exit Word 2010 include:

(1) Click the “Close” button at the upper right corner of the Word window.

(2) Click the “Exit” command in the “File” menu.

(3) Double-click the control icon in the upper left corner of the Word window or use the shortcut key Alt+F4.

95. Click the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu, and in the pop-up dialog box, click the “Save” tab, check the “Automatically save time interval” checkbox, and set the auto-save time interval.

96. Open document:

(1) Click the “Open” command in the “File” tab;

(2) Click the “Open” tool button on the “Common” toolbar;

(3) Use the Ctrl+O shortcut key; (4) Click one of the four documents that are usually listed under the “File” tab (You can set the number of documents listed under the “File” menu by selecting “Tools” menu and clicking on the “General” tab in the dialog box).

97. Create a new blank document: (1) Click the “New” button on the “Common” toolbar; (2) Use the Ctrl+N shortcut key.

98. Close document: (1) Click the “Close” command in the “File” menu to close the currently edited document; (2) Click the “Close” button at the upper right corner of the document window to close the currently edited document.

99. Use keyboard commands or shortcut keys:

Press the Home and End keys to quickly move the insertion point to the beginning or end of the document;

Press Ctrl+Home and Ctrl+End shortcut keys to quickly move the insertion point to the beginning and end of the document.

100. Word provides two input states: “Insert” and “Overwrite” state. The “Insert” state means that the text typed will be inserted at the current cursor position, pushing the text behind the cursor sequentially; the “Overwrite” state means that the text typed will overwrite the text behind the cursor sequentially.