Essential Computer Knowledge Points for Specialized Undergraduate Entrance Exam

1. The symbolization of information is data, so data is the specific representation of information, while information is the logical meaning abstracted from data.

2. Information technology refers to the relevant technologies that people use to acquire, store, transmit, process, develop, and utilize information resources.

3. The core of culture is: concepts and values.

4. Computer culture is one of the four milestones in human cultural development (the first three are: the emergence of language, the use of writing, and the invention of printing).

5. The characteristics of computers are: 1) fast computing speed 2) large storage capacity 3) strong versatility 4) automation 5) high accuracy.

6. Word length is the actual number of bits that a computer can process at one time, and it is an important indicator of computing performance.

7. Word length refers to the number of binary data bits that the computer’s arithmetic unit can process simultaneously, which is closely related to the computer’s functions and uses.

8. Character encoding is mainly ASCII code, which is the abbreviation for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

9. When representing Chinese characters internally in a computer, the highest bit of the exchange code (national standard code) is changed to 1, referred to as “internal code.”

10. There are usually two methods for recording the shapes of Chinese characters: dot matrix method and vector method, corresponding to two types of character encoding: dot matrix code and vector code.

11. A 16×16 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 32 bytes, while a 32×32 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 128 bytes, and dot matrix codes are difficult to scale and easily distorted.

12. Chinese character input methods can be divided into four types: flow code, phonetic code, shape code, and combined phonetic and shape code. Full pinyin input methods, intelligent ABC, and Microsoft Pinyin are phonetic codes, while Wubi input is a shape code. Phonetic codes have many duplicates and slow input speed; shape codes have fewer duplicates and faster input speed, but are more difficult to learn and master. Currently, intelligent ABC, Microsoft Pinyin, Ziguang Pinyin input method, and Sogou input method are the mainstream Chinese input methods.

13. A computer system consists of hardware and software systems, with the software system further divided into system software and application software, among which the operating system is the most important system software.

14. A computer without any software installed is called bare metal.

15. Common input devices include: mouse, keyboard, scanner, digitizer, digital camera, barcode reader, digital camera, and A/D converter, etc.

16. The controller and arithmetic unit are collectively referred to as the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It is the core component of the computer.

17. The most commonly used output devices are monitors, printers, and speakers, as well as plotters and various D/A converters.

18. From the perspective of input and output of information, disk drives and tape drives can be regarded as both input and output devices.

19. An instruction is a command that instructs the computer to perform a certain operation, consisting of a string of binary codes, which includes an operation code and an address code.

20. A computer has many instructions, each with different functions. The collection of all instructions is called the computer’s instruction system. Different computer systems have different instruction systems; currently, common instruction systems include Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) and Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC).

21. Software refers to the sum of programs, data, and related documents required for the operation of the computer. Data is the object being processed by the program, and documents are materials related to the development, maintenance, and use of the program.

22. System software is the layer closest to the hardware in a computer system, mainly including operating systems, language processing programs, database management systems, and supporting service software.

23. An operating system (OS) is a collection of systematic programs that control and manage computer resources. It serves as the interface between users and the computer hardware system, providing a bridge for users and application software to access and control the computer hardware.

24. Algorithms have the following main properties: 1) finiteness; 2) definiteness; 3) feasibility; 4) input/output.

25. The operating system is a large management control program that includes five management functions: processor management, storage management, device management, file management, and job management.

26. Operating systems can be classified into three basic types: 1) batch processing systems; 2) time-sharing systems; 3) real-time systems.

27. With the development of computer science, many types of operating systems have emerged, mainly including embedded operating systems, personal operating systems, network operating systems, and distributed operating systems.

28. The work mode of batch processing operating systems is: users submit jobs to the system operator, who compiles many users’ jobs into a batch, and then inputs them into the computer to form an automatic, continuous job flow in the system. The operating system then automatically executes each job in sequence, and finally, the operator delivers the job results to the users.

29. The work mode of time-sharing operating systems is: a host connects several terminals, each with a user. Users interactively issue command requests to the system, which accepts each user’s command and processes service requests using a time-slice round-robin method, displaying results to users on the terminals.

30. Real-time operating systems refer to systems that enable computers to respond to external event requests in a timely manner, completing the processing of that event within a specified strict time frame, and coordinating all real-time devices and tasks to work together.

31. Embedded operating systems run in embedded system environments, unifying coordination, scheduling, command, and control of the entire embedded system and its various components.

32. Based on the number of users using the computer at the same time, operating systems can be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems.

33. A single-user operating system allows only one user to use a computer at the same time, with that user enjoying all hardware and software resources. If multiple users are allowed to use the computer simultaneously, it is called a multi-user operating system.

34. If users can run multiple applications (each application is called a task) at the same time, this operating system is called a multi-tasking operating system. If users can only run one application at a time, it is called a single-task operating system.

35. Early DOS operating systems were single-user single-task operating systems, while Windows 7 is a single-user multi-task operating system.

36. Network operating systems are based on computer networks and are developed on various computer operating systems according to network architecture, protocols, and standards. They include network management, communication, security, resource sharing, and various network applications, aiming for communication and resource sharing.

37. A large number of computers connected through networks can achieve extremely high computing power and extensive data sharing. This system is called a distributed system.

38. MS-DOS has a character-based user interface, using command line operations for management, which is inconvenient and requires users to memorize a large number of DOS commands.

39. The Unix operating system is a universal, interactive time-sharing operating system.

40. The Mac OS operating system is launched by Apple Inc. and runs on Macintosh computers. Mac OS is the pioneer of fully graphical interfaces and operating methods.

41. Windows XP is currently most popular in its Home and Professional versions.

42. A shortcut is a file with an extension of .lnk, usually associated with an application or document.

43. The minimum system requirements for Windows are: (1) Recommended processor clock frequency of 300 MHz or higher, at least 233 MHz (for single or dual-processor systems); recommended Intel Pentium/Celeron series, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron series, or compatible processors; (2) Recommended 128 MB RAM or higher (minimum support 64M, may affect performance and some functions); (3) 1.5GB of available hard disk space; (4) Super VGA (800×600) or higher resolution video adapters and monitors; (5) CD-ROM or DVD drives; (6) Keyboard and Microsoft mouse or compatible pointing devices.

44. Windows’ windows are highly unified in appearance, style, and operation. (1) Border (2) Title bar (3) Menu bar (4) Toolbar (5) Status bar (6) Document view (7) Scroll bar.

45. A modal dialog box is one that prohibits the main program window from being processed when it is open, and only by closing this dialog box can the main window be processed.

46. A non-modal dialog box is one that allows the main window to be processed even when the dialog box is displayed.

47. A file refers to a collection of related information stored on external storage.

48. A file can store a program, an article, a piece of music, a picture, etc.

49. Certain symbols such as /, \, *, ?, <, >, | are not allowed in file names. The main file name should be related to the content of the file, and the extension is used to distinguish the file type, hence the extension is also called the type name.

50. At any given moment, only one node can be in an open state. When a node is in an open state, its name will turn blue, and some node icons will also change accordingly.

51. Windows’ excellent features are attributed to the adoption of the advanced Unicode character set. The Unicode character set is a 16-bit character encoding standard developed by the Unicode Consortium.

52. The right side of the console lists user accounts on the computer, with the Administrator and Guest accounts automatically created when the Windows system is installed, allowing for management upon the first login to the computer.

53. To prevent unauthorized users from attempting to log in as Administrator, the Administrator can be renamed, but the account cannot be deleted.

54. The Guest account can be disabled or renamed by the administrator for security, but the account cannot be deleted.

55. The Paint program is a simple drawing tool that allows users to create black and white or colored graphics and save them as bitmap files (.bmp files). These graphics can be printed, set as desktop backgrounds, or pasted into another document. Users can also use Paint to view and edit scanned photos.

56. WordPad and Notepad are two text processing programs that come with Windows 7, both providing basic text editing functions.

57. WordPad has stronger functionality, allowing users to create and edit formatted files, with an interface and usage method very similar to Word.

58. Notepad is a text file editor that allows users to edit simple documents or create web pages. Notepad is very easy to use, and the files it edits are text files, which greatly facilitates editing source programs in some high-level languages.

59. In the 1980s, widely used word processing systems included WPS, table editing software CCED, and document editing systems such as Word Star.

60. Layout design is an important task that includes page setup, page numbering, column layout, header and footer settings, etc.

61. Microsoft Office has seven commonly used components for daily office tasks. They are: Word for word processing, Excel for spreadsheet processing, PowerPoint for presentations, Access for database management, InfoPath for dynamic forms, Outlook for email management, and Publisher for desktop publishing.

62. The title bar is located at the top of the window and is blue by default. It contains the application name, document name, and control buttons.

63. The method for displaying or hiding toolbars: right-click on any position of the toolbar or tab, and select the desired toolbar from the pop-up shortcut menu.

64. The task pane can be called up through “Page Layout” – “Task Pane.”

65. The ruler has both horizontal and vertical types, used to determine the position of the document on the screen and paper. The horizontal ruler can also be used to set paragraph indentation and margins, as well as tab settings.

66. The status bar is located at the bottom of the window, displaying the current status of the form, such as the current page number, section number, current page and total number of pages, cursor insertion point position, overwrite/insert status, and the current language being used.

67. Common methods to start Word 2010 include: (1) Click “Start” → “Programs” → “Microsoft Office” → “Microsoft Office Word 2010”. (2) Double-click the Word shortcut icon on the desktop. (3) Double-click an established Word document.

68. Common methods to exit Word 2010 include: (1) Click the “Close” button in the upper right corner of the Word window. (2) Click the “Exit” command in the “File” menu. (3) Double-click the control icon in the upper left corner of the Word window or use the shortcut key Alt+F4.

69. Click the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu, and in the pop-up dialog, click the “Save” tab, check the “AutoSave time interval” checkbox, and set the auto-save time interval to edit your work with peace of mind.

70. To open a document: (1) Click the “Open” command in the “File” tab (2) Click the “Open” tool button on the common toolbar (3) Use the Ctrl+O shortcut key. (4) Click one of the last four documents usually listed below the “File” tab (you can set the number of documents listed under the “File” menu in the “Tools” menu’s “Options” command under the “General” tab in the text box labeled “List recently used files”).

71. To create a new blank document: (1) Click the “New” button on the common toolbar. (2) Use the Ctrl+N shortcut key.

72. To close a document: (1) Click the “Close” command in the “File” menu to close the currently edited document. (2) Click the “Close” button in the upper right corner of the document window to close the currently edited document.

73. Use keyboard commands or shortcut keys: Press the Home and End keys to quickly move the insertion point to the beginning or end of the document; press the Ctrl+Home and Ctrl+End shortcut keys to quickly move the insertion point to the beginning and end of the document.

74. Word provides two input states: “Insert” and “Overwrite” state. The “Insert” state means that the text typed will be inserted at the current cursor position, pushing the text after the cursor in order; the “Overwrite” state means that the text typed will cover the text after the cursor in order.