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Computer fundamentals are a required subject for some provinces’ unified exam for upgrading to a bachelor’s degree. The exam questions for computer fundamentals are mostly multiple-choice and judgment questions.The exam is not particularly difficult, but it requires a lot of memorization as the knowledge points are scattered.Today, I will summarize some computer knowledge points to accelerate your review efficiency↓
1. Information is symbolized as data, so data is the specific representation of information, while information is the logical meaning abstracted from data.
2. Information technology refers to the related technologies for acquiring, storing, transmitting, processing, developing, and utilizing information resources.
3. The core of culture is: concepts and values.
4. Computer culture is one of the four milestones in the development of human culture (the first three are: the emergence of language, the use of writing, and the invention of printing).
5. The characteristics of computers are: 1) fast computing speed 2) large storage capacity 3) strong versatility 4) automation 5) high accuracy
6. Word length is the actual number of bits a computer can process at one time, and it is an important indicator of computing performance.
7. Word length refers to the number of binary data bits that the computer’s arithmetic unit can process simultaneously, which is closely related to the computer’s functions and applications.
8. Character encoding is mainly ASCII code, which stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
9. When representing Chinese characters internally, the highest bit of the exchange code (national standard code) is set to 1, known as “internal code”.
10. There are usually two methods for recording Chinese character shapes: dot matrix and vector methods, corresponding to two types of character encoding: dot matrix code and vector code.
11. A Chinese character with a 16×16 dot matrix occupies 32 bytes, while a character with a 32×32 dot matrix occupies 128 bytes, and dot matrix code is difficult to scale and prone to distortion.
12. Chinese character input codes can be divided into four types: flow code, phonetic code, shape code, and phonetic-shape combined code. Full拼 input methods, intelligent ABC, and Microsoft Pinyin are phonetic codes, while Wubi input method is a shape code. Phonetic codes have many duplicates and slow input speed; shape codes have fewer duplicates and faster input speed, but are more difficult to learn and master. Currently, intelligent ABC, Microsoft Pinyin, Zhiguang Pinyin, and Sogou Pinyin are mainstream Chinese input methods.
13. A computer system consists of hardware and software systems, where the software system can be divided into system software and application software, among which the operating system is the most important system software.
14. A computer that is not configured with any software is called bare metal.
15. Common input devices include: mouse, keyboard, scanner, digitizer, digital camera, barcode reader, digital camera, A/D converter, etc.
16. The controller and arithmetic unit are collectively referred to as the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It is the core component of the computer.
17. The most commonly used output devices are monitors, printers, and speakers, as well as plotters and various D/A converters.
18. From the perspective of information input and output, disk drives and tape drives can be considered both input and output devices.
19. An instruction is a command that instructs the computer to perform a certain operation, consisting of a string of binary codes, which includes operation codes and address codes.
20. A computer has many instructions, each with different functions. The collection of all instructions is called the computer instruction system. Different computer systems have different instruction systems; currently common instruction systems include Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) and Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC).
21. Software refers to the total of programs, data, and related documents required for the operation of the computer. Data is the processing object of the program, and documents are materials related to the development, maintenance, and use of the program.
22. System software is the layer closest to the hardware in the computer system, mainly including operating systems, language processing programs, database management systems, supporting service software, etc.
23. The operating system (OS) is a collection of systematic programs that control and manage computer resources, serving as the interface between users and the computer hardware system, providing a bridge for users and application software to access and control computer hardware.
24. Algorithms: their main properties are: ① finiteness; ② definiteness; ③ feasibility; ④ input/output.
25. The operating system is a large management control program that includes five management functions: processor management, storage management, device management, file management, and job management.
26. Operating systems can be classified into four main types: 1) batch processing systems; 2) time-sharing systems; 3) real-time systems.
27. Common database management systems include FoxPro, FoxBASE+, Access on microcomputers, and large database management systems like Oracle, DB2, Sybase, SQL Server, etc., all of which are relational database management systems.
28. Basic program design: data structures and algorithms are the two main aspects of programming; it can generally be considered that: program = algorithm + data structure.
29. Programming languages:
(1) Machine language: the only language that computer systems can recognize without translation.
(2) Assembly language: symbolic representation of machine language.
(3) High-level language: greatly improves programming efficiency.
30. Machine language and assembly language are generally referred to as low-level languages.
31. High-level languages are divided into two categories: interpreted and compiled.
32. An interpreter: an interpreter accepts source programs written in a certain programming language (like Basic) and then interprets and executes each statement of the source program one by one, ultimately producing results. The interpreter translates and executes the source program simultaneously, without generating a target program.
33. A compiler: a compiler is a translation program that translates source programs written in high-level language into equivalent target programs expressed in machine language; this translation process is called compilation.
34. A microprocessor (CPU) is a super large-scale integrated circuit chip that integrates the arithmetic unit, control unit, and high-speed internal cache, and is the most important core component of the computer.
35. A microcontroller integrates a microprocessor (CPU), a certain capacity of memory, and I/O interface circuits on a single chip.
36. A single board computer integrates a microprocessor, memory, and I/O interface circuits on a printed circuit board.
37. A PC (Personal Computer) is a microcomputer designed for single-user use and is the most commonly used type of microcomputer.
38. Portable microcomputers generally include laptops and personal digital assistants (PDAs).
39. In microcomputers, memory usually refers to Random Access Memory (RAM). The unit of main frequency is hertz (Hz).
40. Currently commonly used memories include SDRAM and DDR SDRAM, as well as DDR II SDRAM, etc.
41. A floppy disk has a diameter of 3.5 inches and a capacity of 1.44 MB.
42. A floppy disk has a write protection switch; when the write protection switch is in the protection state (i.e., the write protection switch is open), only information on the disk can be read, and writing is not allowed, which prevents erasure or rewriting of data and also prevents virus intrusion.
43. The bus in a microcomputer is generally divided into data bus, address bus, and control bus, which are used to transmit data, data addresses, and control signals respectively.
44. The motherboard is the largest circuit board in a microcomputer system, sometimes referred to as the mainboard or system board, and is a large printed circuit board with various ports.
45. Computers with multimedia processing capabilities are called multimedia computers. Multimedia is characterized by diversity, real-time, interactivity, and integration.
46. Development of computers:
(1) First generation (1946-1957): vacuum tube computers, machine language, assembly language, scientific computing.
(2) Second generation (1958-1964): transistor computers, transistors, high-level programming languages, data processing.
(3) Third generation (1965-1970): integrated circuit computers, small and medium-scale integrated circuits, high-level programming languages widely applied in various fields.
(4) Fourth generation (1971-present): integrated circuit computers, integrated circuits, object-oriented high-level languages, network era.
(5) Fifth generation: future computers, photon, quantum, DNA, etc.
47. Operating systems primarily have four characteristics: (1) concurrency (2) sharing (3) virtualization (4) asynchrony.
48. Concurrency refers to the simultaneous execution of two or more running programs within the same time interval.
49. The operating system is a concurrent system; systems that utilize concurrency technology are also known as multitasking systems.
50. File management mainly completes the following tasks: providing logical organization methods for files, providing physical organization methods for files, providing access methods for files, providing usage methods for files, implementing directory management for files, implementing access control for files, and implementing storage space for files.
51. Operating systems can generally be divided into three basic types: 1) batch processing systems; 2) time-sharing systems; 3) real-time systems.
52. With the development of computer science, many types of operating systems have emerged, mainly embedded operating systems, personal operating systems, network operating systems, distributed operating systems, etc.
53. Batch processing operating systems work by having users submit jobs to the system operator, who then groups many users’ jobs into a batch and inputs them into the computer, forming an automatic continuous job flow in the system, after which the operating system automatically executes each job in sequence, and finally the operator delivers the job results to the users.
54. Time-sharing operating systems work by connecting several terminals to a host, each terminal having a user. Users interactively submit command requests to the system, which accepts each user’s commands and processes service requests using a time-slice round-robin method, displaying results to users on the terminals interactively.
55. Real-time operating systems are designed to enable computers to respond promptly to external event requests and complete processing of those events within strict time limits, coordinating the work of all real-time devices and tasks.
56. Embedded operating systems run in embedded system environments, coordinating, scheduling, directing, and controlling various components and resources of the entire embedded system.
57. Based on the number of users using the computer at the same time, operating systems can be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems.
58. A single-user operating system means that only one user can use a computer at the same time, and that user enjoys all hardware and software resources of the system alone. In contrast, if multiple users can use the computer simultaneously, it is called a multi-user operating system.
59. If users can run multiple applications simultaneously (each application is called a task), such an operating system is called a multitasking operating system. If users can only run one application at a time, the corresponding operating system is called a single-task operating system.
60. Early DOS operating systems were single-user single-task operating systems, while Windows 7 is a single-user multitasking operating system.
61. Network operating systems are based on computer networks and are software developed on various computer operating systems according to network architecture, protocols, and standards, including network management, communication, security, resource sharing, and various network applications, aiming at communication and resource sharing.
62. A large number of computers connected through networks can achieve extremely high computing power and extensive data sharing; such a system is called a distributed system.
63. MS-DOS has a character-based user interface that operates and manages through command-line methods, which is very inconvenient and requires users to memorize a lot of DOS commands.
64. The Unix operating system is a general-purpose interactive time-sharing operating system.
65. The Mac OS operating system was launched by Apple Inc. and runs on Macintosh computers. Mac OS is the pioneer of fully graphical interfaces and operating methods.
66. The most popular versions of Windows XP are the Home and Professional editions.
67. A shortcut is a file with an extension of .lnk, typically associated with an application or document.
68. The minimum system requirements for Windows are:
(1) A recommended processor clock frequency of 300 MHz or higher, with at least 233 MHz (for single or dual-processor systems), recommended Intel Pentium/Celeron series, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron series, or compatible processors;
(2) Recommended 128 MB RAM or higher (minimum support 64M, which may affect performance and some functions);
(3) 1.5 GB of available hard disk space;
(4) Super VGA (800×600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitor;
(6) Keyboard and Microsoft mouse or compatible pointing device.
69. Windows’ windows are highly unified in appearance, style, and operation.
(1) Border (2) Title bar (3) Menu bar (4) Toolbar (5) Status bar (6) Document view (7) Scroll bar
70. Modal dialog boxes: when this type of dialog box is open, the main program window is disabled, and only closing this dialog box allows processing of the main window.
71. Non-modal dialog boxes: non-modal dialog boxes are those that allow processing of the main window even when the dialog box is displayed.
72. A file is a collection of related information stored on external storage.
73. A file can store a program, an article, a piece of music, a picture, etc.
74. Certain symbols such as /, \, *, ?, <, >, | are not allowed in file names.
75. The main file name should relate to the file’s content, and the file type is distinguished by its extension, hence the extension is also called the type name.
76. At any given moment, only one node can be in an open state; when a node is open, its name will turn blue, and some node icons may change accordingly.
77. The excellent features of Windows are attributable to the adoption of the advanced Unicode character set, which is a 16-bit character coding standard developed by the Unicode Consortium.
78. The right side of the console lists the user accounts on the computer; the Administrator and Guest accounts are automatically created when the Windows system is installed, providing the possibility for initial management of the computer.
79. To prevent unauthorized users from attempting to log in to the computer as Administrator, the Administrator account can be renamed but not deleted.
80. The Guest account can be disabled or renamed by the administrator for security, but cannot be deleted.
81. The Paint program is a simple drawing tool that allows users to draw black and white or colored graphics, save these graphics as bitmap files (.bmp), print them, or use them as desktop backgrounds, or paste them into another document, and can also be used to view and edit scanned photos.
82. WordPad and Notepad are two text processing programs included with Windows 7, both providing basic text editing functions.
83. WordPad has more powerful functions, allowing users to create and edit formatted files, with an interface and usage similar to Word.
84. Notepad is a text file editor that allows users to edit simple documents or create web pages. Notepad is very simple to use, and the files it edits are text files, which greatly facilitates editing the source code of some high-level languages.
85. In the 1980s, widely used word processing systems included WPS, spreadsheet editing software CCED, and document editing systems like Word Star.
86. Layout design is an important task, including page setup, page numbering, column layout, header and footer settings, etc.
87. Microsoft Office comprises seven commonly used components for daily office tasks: Word (word processing software), Excel (spreadsheet software), PowerPoint (presentation software), Access (database management software), InfoPath (dynamic form software), Outlook (email management software), and Publisher (desktop publishing software).
88. The title bar is located at the top of the window, defaulting to blue. It contains the application name, document name, and control buttons.
89. Methods to show or hide the toolbar:
Right-click on any position of the toolbar or tab, and select the desired toolbar from the pop-up shortcut menu.
90. The task pane can be invoked through “Page Layout” – “Task Pane”.
91. The ruler has both horizontal and vertical types, used to determine the position of the document on the screen and paper. The horizontal ruler’s indent buttons can also be used for paragraph indentation and boundary adjustments. Tab stops can also be set using the ruler.
92. The status bar is located at the bottom of the window, displaying the current status of the form, such as the current page number, section number, current page and total pages, cursor insertion point position, overwrite/insert status, current language in use, and other information.
93. Common methods to start Word 2010 include:
(1) Click “Start” → “Programs” → “Microsoft Office” → “Microsoft Office Word 2010”.
(2) Double-click the Word shortcut icon created on the desktop.
(3) Double-click an existing Word document.
94. Common methods to exit Word 2010 include:
(1) Click the “Close” button in the upper right corner of the Word window.
(2) Click the “Exit” command in the “File” menu.
(3) Double-click the control icon in the upper left corner of the Word window or use the shortcut key Alt+F4.
95. Click the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu, then click the “Save” tab in the dialog box that appears, check the “Automatically save time interval” checkbox, and set the automatic save time interval to safely edit your work.
(1) Click the “Open” command in the “File” tab.
(2) Click the “Open” tool button on the common toolbar.
(3) Use the shortcut key Ctrl+O.
(4) Click one of the last four documents listed under the “File” tab (you can set the number of documents listed in the “File” menu by selecting the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu, clicking the “General” tab, and adjusting the “List recently used files” text box).
97. Creating a new blank document:
(1) Directly click the “New” button on the common toolbar.
(2) Use the shortcut key Ctrl+N.
(1) Click the “Close” command in the “File” menu to close the currently edited document.
(2) Click the “Close” button in the upper right corner of the document window to close the currently edited document.
99. Using keyboard commands or shortcuts: pressing the Home and End keys can quickly move the insertion point to the beginning and end of the document; pressing the Ctrl+Home and Ctrl+End shortcut keys can quickly move the insertion point to the start and end of the document.
100. Word provides two input states: “Insert” and “Overwrite”. The “Insert” state means that the text typed will be inserted at the current cursor position, pushing the text after the cursor forward; the “Overwrite” state means that the text typed will overwrite the text after the cursor in sequence.
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