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100 Essential Computer Knowledge Points
1. The symbolization of information is data, so data is the specific representation of information, while information is the logical meaning abstracted from data.
2. Information technology refers to the technologies related to acquiring, storing, transmitting, processing, developing, and utilizing information resources.
3. The core of culture is: concepts and values.
4. Computer culture is one of the four milestones in the development of human culture (the first three being: the emergence of language, the use of writing, and the invention of printing).
5. Characteristics of computers:
(1) Fast computing speed; (2) Large storage capacity; (3) Strong versatility; (4) Automation of work; (5) High precision.
6. Word length is the actual number of bits that a computer can process at one time, and it is an important indicator of computing performance.
7. Word length refers to the number of binary data bits that can be processed simultaneously by the computer’s arithmetic unit, which is closely related to the computer’s functions and uses.
8. Character encoding is mainly ASCII code, which stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
9. When representing Chinese characters inside the computer, the highest bit of the exchange code (national standard code) is changed to 1, which is called internal code.
10. There are two main methods for recording the shape of Chinese characters: dot matrix method and vector method, corresponding to two types of character encoding: dot matrix code and vector code.
11. A 16×16 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 32 bytes, while a 32×32 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 128 bytes, and dot matrix codes are difficult to scale and prone to distortion.
12. Chinese character input codes can be divided into flow code, phonetic code, shape code, and combined phonetic and shape code.
Phonetic input methods such as Pinyin Input Method, Smart ABC, and Microsoft Pinyin are phonetic codes, while Wubi Input Method is a shape code. Phonetic codes have many duplicates and slow input speeds; shape codes have fewer duplicates and faster input speeds, but are more difficult to learn and master. Currently, mainstream Chinese input methods are phonetic input methods such as Smart ABC, Microsoft Pinyin, Ziguang Pinyin Input Method, and Sogou Input Method.
13. A computer system consists of hardware and software systems, and the software system can be divided into system software and application software, among which the operating system is the most important system software.
14. A computer that is not configured with any software is called bare metal.
15. Common input devices include: mouse, keyboard, scanner, digitizer, digital camera, barcode reader, digital camera, A/D converter, etc.
16. The controller and arithmetic unit are collectively referred to as the central processing unit (CPU, Central Processing Unit). It is the core component of the computer.
17. The most common output devices are monitors, printers, and speakers, as well as plotters and various digital-to-analog converters (D/A).
18. From the perspective of information input and output, disk drives and tape drives can be regarded as both input and output devices.
19. Instructions are commands that direct the computer to perform certain operations, consisting of a series of binary codes that include operation codes and address codes.
20. A computer has many instructions, each serving different purposes. The collection of all instructions is called the computer instruction set. Different computer systems have different instruction sets, and the common instruction sets are complex instruction set (CISC) and reduced instruction set (RISC).
21. Software refers to the totality of programs, data, and related documents necessary for the operation of the computer. Data is the processing object of programs, and documents are materials related to the development, maintenance, and use of programs.
22. System software resides closest to the hardware in the computer system and mainly includes operating systems, language processors, database management systems, supporting service software, etc.
23. Operating System (OS) is a systematic collection of programs that control and manage computer resources. It serves as an interface between users and the computer hardware system, providing a bridge for users and application software to access and control computer hardware.
24. Algorithm: Its main properties are: ① finiteness; ② definiteness; ③ feasibility; ④ input/output.
25. Operating systems are large management control programs that include five management functions: processor management, storage management, device management, file management, and job management.
26. Operating systems:
(1) can be divided into real-time operating systems, time-sharing operating systems, and batch processing operating systems based on their running environment.
(2) can be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems based on the number of managed users.
(3) can be divided into single-user single-task operating systems, single-user multi-task operating systems, and multi-user multi-task operating systems based on the number of jobs managed simultaneously.
27. Common database management systems include FoxPro, FoxBASE+, Access on microcomputers, and large database management systems such as Oracle, DB2, Sybase, SQL Server, etc., all of which are relational database management systems.
28. Basic programming design: Data structure and algorithms are the two main aspects of programming; it can generally be considered that: program = algorithm + data structure.
29. Programming languages:
(1) Machine language: the only language recognized by the computer system that does not require translation;
(2) Assembly language: the symbolic representation of machine language;
(3) High-level language: greatly improves programming efficiency.
30. Machine language and assembly language are generally referred to as low-level languages.
31. High-level languages can be divided into two categories: interpreted and compiled.
32. Interpreter: An interpreter accepts source programs written in a certain programming language (such as Basic) and interprets and executes each statement of the source program one by one, ultimately producing results. The interpreter translates and executes the source program simultaneously, without generating a target program.
33. Compiler: A compiler is a translation program that translates source programs written in high-level languages into equivalent target programs expressed in machine language. This translation process is called compilation.
34. Microprocessor (CPU) is a large-scale integrated circuit chip that integrates the arithmetic unit, control unit, and high-speed internal cache, and is the most important core component in a computer.
35. Microcontroller: integrates a microprocessor (CPU), a certain capacity of memory, and I/O interface circuits on a single chip, forming a microcontroller.
36. Single-board computer: integrates a microprocessor, memory, and I/O interface circuits on a printed circuit board, becoming a single-board computer.
37. PC (Personal Computer): A microcomputer used by a single user is generally referred to as a PC, which is currently the most commonly used type of microcomputer.
38. Portable microcomputer: Portable microcomputers generally include laptops and personal digital assistants (PDAs).
39. The memory in microcomputers usually refers to random access memory (RAM). The unit of main frequency is Hertz (Hz).
40. Currently, commonly used memories include SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, and DDR II SDRAM, etc.
41. Floppy disk: Its diameter is 3.5 inches, and its capacity is 1.44MB.
42. The floppy disk has a write protection notch; when the write protection notch is in the protected state (i.e., the write protection notch is open), it can only read information on the disk and cannot write, preventing erasure or rewriting of data, and also preventing virus intrusion.
43. Buses in microcomputers are generally divided into data buses, address buses, and control buses, used to transmit data, data addresses, and control signals, respectively.
44. The motherboard is the largest circuit board in a microcomputer system, sometimes referred to as the main board or system board, which is a large printed circuit board with various sockets.
45. Computers with multimedia processing capabilities are called multimedia computers. Multimedia has characteristics of diversity, real-time, interactivity, and integration.
46. Development of computers:
(1) First generation (1946-1957) vacuum tube computers, machine language, assembly language, scientific computing;
(2) Second generation (1958-1964) transistor computers, transistors, high-level programming languages, data processing;
(3) Third generation (1965-1970) integrated circuit computers, small and medium scale integrated circuits, high-level programming languages, widely used in various fields;
(4) Fourth generation (1971-present) integrated circuit computers, integrated circuits, object-oriented high-level languages, network era;
(5) Fifth generation future computers, photon, quantum, DNA, etc.
47. Operating systems have four main characteristics: (1) concurrency; (2) sharing; (3) virtualization; (4) asynchrony.
48. Concurrency refers to two or more running programs executing simultaneously within the same time interval.
49. Operating systems are concurrent systems, and systems that adopt concurrent technology are also called multitasking systems.
50. File management mainly completes the following tasks: providing file logical organization methods, providing file physical organization methods, providing file access methods, providing file usage methods, implementing file directory management, implementing file access control, and managing file storage space.
51. Operating systems can generally be divided into three basic types: 1) batch processing systems; 2) time-sharing systems; 3) real-time systems.
52. With the development of computer science, many types of operating systems have emerged, mainly embedded operating systems, personal operating systems, network operating systems, distributed operating systems, etc.
53. The working mode of batch processing operating systems is: users submit jobs to system operators, who compile many users’ jobs into a batch, input them into the computer, forming a continuous job flow that is automatically switched in the system, and then the operating system is started, automatically executing each job in sequence, and finally the operator hands the job results to the users.
54. The working mode of time-sharing operating systems is: a host connects several terminals, each terminal has a user, users interactively submit command requests to the system, the system accepts each user’s command, processes service requests in a time-slice rotation manner, and displays results to users on terminals through interactive methods.
55. A real-time operating system is one that enables the computer to respond to external event requests in a timely manner, completing the processing of that event within a specified strict time and coordinating all real-time devices and real-time tasks to work in harmony.
56. An embedded operating system operates in an embedded system environment, coordinating, scheduling, commanding, and controlling the entire embedded system and various components it operates and controls.
57. Based on the number of users using the computer at the same time, operating systems can be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems.
58. A single-user operating system is one where only one user can use a computer at the same time, enjoying all hardware and software resources alone, while if multiple users are allowed to use the computer simultaneously, it is called a multi-user operating system.
59. If a user can run multiple applications (each application is called a task) simultaneously, this type of operating system is called a multitasking operating system. If a user can only run one application at a time, the corresponding operating system is called a single-task operating system.
60. The early DOS operating system was a single-user single-task operating system, while Windows 7 is a single-user multitasking operating system.
61. Network operating systems are based on computer networks and are software developed on various computer operating systems according to network architecture, protocols, and standards, including network management, communication, security, resource sharing, and various network applications, with the goal of mutual communication and resource sharing.
62. A large number of computers connected through a network can achieve extremely high computing power and extensive data sharing, which is called a distributed system.
63. MS-DOS has a character-based user interface, operating and managing through command line methods, which is very inconvenient and requires users to memorize a large number of DOS commands.
64. Unix operating system is a general-purpose, interactive time-sharing operating system.
65. Mac OS operating system is the operating system launched by Apple Inc. that runs on Macintosh computers. Mac OS is the pioneer of fully graphical interfaces and operating methods.
66. Windows XP is currently most popular in home and professional versions.
67. A shortcut is a file with an extension of lnk, usually associated with an application or document.
68. Windows’ windows are highly unified in appearance, style, and operation methods.
(1) Border; (2) Title bar; (3) Menu bar; (4) Toolbar; (5) Status bar; (6) Document view; (7) Scroll bar.
69. The minimum system requirements for Windows:
(1) Recommended computer clock frequency should be 300MHz or higher, at least 233MHz (single or dual processor systems), recommended to use Intel Pentium/Celeron series, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron series, or compatible processors;
(2) Recommended to use 128MB RAM or higher (minimum support 64M may affect performance and some functions); (3) 1.5GB of available hard disk space;
(4) SuperVGA (800×600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitor;
(5) CD-ROM or DVD drive;
(6) Keyboard and Microsoft mouse or compatible pointing device.
70. Modal dialog box: refers to a type of dialog box that, when opened, prohibits the main program window, and only by closing that dialog box can the main window be processed.
71. Non-modal dialog box: Non-modal dialog boxes are those that allow the main window to be processed even when the dialog box is displayed.
72. File: refers to a collection of related information stored on external storage.
73. A file can store a program, an article, a piece of music, a picture, etc.
74. The file name cannot contain symbols such as /, \, *, ?, <, >, |, etc.
75. The main file name should relate to the file’s content, and the extension is used to distinguish the file type, hence the extension is also called type name.
76. At any given moment, only one node will be in an open state, and when a node is open, its name will turn blue, and some nodes’ icons will also change accordingly.
77. The excellent features of Windows are attributed to the adoption of the advanced Unicode character set. The Unicode character set is a 16-bit character encoding standard developed by the Unicode Consortium.
78. The right side of the console lists the user accounts on the computer, and the Administrator and Guest accounts are automatically created when installing the Windows system, providing the possibility for the first login to manage the computer.
79. To prevent unauthorized users from attempting to log in to the computer as Administrator, the Administrator can be renamed, but the account cannot be deleted.
80. The Guest account can be disabled or renamed by the administrator for security, but the account cannot be deleted.
81. Drawing program is a simple drawing tool that allows users to draw black and white or colored graphics, which can be saved as bitmap files (.bmp files), printed, set as desktop backgrounds, or pasted into another document, and can also be used to view and edit scanned photos.
82. WordPad and Notepad are two word processing programs that come with Windows 7, both providing basic text editing functions.
83. WordPad has stronger functions, allowing users to create and edit formatted files. Its interface and usage method are very similar to Word.
84. Notepad is a text file editor that users can use to edit simple documents or create web pages. The use of Notepad is very simple, and the files it edits are text files, which greatly facilitate the editing of source programs in some high-level languages.
85. In the 1980s, commonly used word processing systems included WPS, CCED, Word Star, etc..
86. Layout design is an important task that includes page settings, page numbers, column typesetting, header and footer settings, etc.
87. Microsoft Office has seven commonly used components for daily office affairs. They are: word processing software Word, spreadsheet processing software Excel, presentation software PowerPoint, database management software Access, dynamic form software InfoPath, email management software Outlook, and desktop publishing software Publisher.
88. The title bar is located at the top of the window, defaulting to blue. It contains the application name, document name, and control buttons.
89. The method to display or hide the toolbar: right-click on any position of the toolbar or tab, and select the desired toolbar from the pop-up shortcut menu.
90. The task pane can be called up through “Page Layout” – “Task Pane”.
91. The ruler has two types: horizontal ruler and vertical ruler, used to determine the position of the document on the screen and paper. It can also use the indentation button on the horizontal ruler to adjust paragraph indentation and margins. The tab marker on the ruler can also be used to set tab stops.
92. The status bar is located at the bottom of the window, displaying the current status of the form, such as the current page number, section number, current page and total pages, cursor insertion point position, overwrite/insert status, current language being used, etc.
93. Common methods to start Word 2010 include:
(1) Click “Start” → “Programs” → “Microsoft Office” → “Microsoft Office Word 2010”;
(2) Double-click the Word shortcut icon established on the desktop;
(3) Double-click a Word document that has been created.
94. Common methods to exit Word 2010 include:
(1) Click the “Close” button in the upper right corner of the Word window.
(2) Click the “Exit” command in the “File” menu.
(3) Double-click the control icon in the upper left corner of the Word window or use the shortcut key Alt+F4.
95. Click the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu, in the pop-up dialog box, click the “Save” tab, check the “AutoSave time interval” checkbox, and set the auto-save time interval.
96. Open document:
(1) Click the “Open” command in the “File” tab;
(2) Click the “Open” tool button on the “Common” toolbar;
(3) Use the Ctrl+O shortcut key; (4) Click one of the four documents that are usually listed under the “File” tab (choose the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu, click the “General” tab in the dialog box, and you can set the number of documents listed under the “File” menu).
97. Create a new blank document: (1) Click the “New” button on the “Common” toolbar directly; (2) Use the shortcut key Ctrl+N.
98. Close document: (1) Click the “Close” command in the “File” menu to close the currently edited document; (2) Click the “Close” button in the upper right corner of the document window to close the currently edited document.
99. Use keyboard commands or shortcuts:
Pressing the Home and End keys can quickly move the insertion point to the beginning and end of the document;
Pressing Ctrl+Home and Ctrl+End can quickly move the insertion point to the beginning and end of the document.
100. Word provides two input states: “Insert” and “Overwrite” states. The “Insert” state means that the text typed will be inserted at the current cursor position, pushing the text after the cursor forward; the “Overwrite” state means that the text typed will overwrite the text after the cursor in sequence. The jobs of multiple users are compiled into a batch, which is then input into the computer, forming an automatic transfer of continuous job flow in the system, which is then executed automatically and sequentially by the operating system, and finally the operator hands the job results to the users.
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