Some provinces have made computer science a compulsory subject in the higher education entrance exams. Computer science is relatively simple and can quickly boost scores. The review method is similar to that of liberal arts subjects, and to pass the computer exam smoothly, the key is to “memorize”.
Today, Xuexin has compiled the essential knowledge points for computer exams in higher education. Candidates preparing for the exam must carefully review this.
Essential Knowledge Points for Computer Exams in Higher Education
1. The symbolization of information is data, so data is the specific representation of information, while information is the logical meaning abstracted from data.
2. Information technology refers to the relevant technologies that people use to acquire, store, transmit, process, develop, and utilize information resources.
3. The core of culture is: concepts and values.
4. Computer culture is one of the four milestones in the development of human culture (the other three are: the emergence of language, the use of writing, and the invention of printing).
5. Characteristics of computers: 1) Fast computing speed 2) Large storage capacity 3) Strong versatility 4) Automation 5) High accuracy
6. Word length refers to the actual number of bits that a computer can process at one time, and it is an important indicator of computing performance.
7. Word length refers to the number of binary data bits that the computer’s arithmetic unit can process simultaneously, which is closely related to the computer’s functions and applications.
8. Character encoding is mainly ASCII code, which stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
9. When representing Chinese characters internally in a computer, the highest bit of the two bytes of the exchange code (national standard code) is set to 1, referred to as “internal code”.
10. There are usually two methods for recording the shape of Chinese characters: dot matrix method and vector method, corresponding to two types of character encoding: dot matrix code and vector code.
11. A 16×16 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 32 bytes, while a 32×32 dot matrix character occupies 128 bytes, and dot matrix code is difficult to scale and prone to distortion.
12. Chinese character input codes can be divided into four types: flow code, phonetic code, shape code, and phonetic-shape combined code. Full pinyin input method, intelligent ABC, and Microsoft Pinyin are phonetic codes, while Wubi input method is a shape code. Phonetic codes have many duplicate codes and slow input speed; shape codes have fewer duplicates and faster input speed but are more difficult to learn and master. Currently, intelligent ABC, Microsoft Pinyin, Ziguang Pinyin input method, and Sogou input method are the mainstream methods for inputting Chinese characters.
13. A computer system consists of hardware and software, with the software system further divided into system software and application software, among which the operating system is the most important system software.
14. A computer that is not configured with any software is called bare metal.
15. Common input devices include: mouse, keyboard, scanner, digitizer, digital camera, barcode reader, digital camera, A/D converter, etc.
16. The controller and arithmetic unit are collectively referred to as the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It is the core component of the computer.
17. The most commonly used output devices are monitors, printers, and speakers, as well as plotters and various D/A converters.
18. From the perspective of information input and output, disk drives and tape drives can be seen as both input and output devices.
19. An instruction is a command that instructs the computer to perform a certain operation, consisting of a string of binary digits, which includes an operation code and an address code.
20. A computer has many instructions, each serving different purposes. The collection of all instructions is called the computer instruction system. Different computer systems have different instruction systems, and common instruction systems include Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) and Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC).
21. Software refers to the sum of programs, data, and related documents required for the computer to operate. Data is the object of program processing, and documents are materials related to the development, maintenance, and use of programs.
22. System software is the layer closest to hardware in the computer system, mainly including operating systems, language processing programs, database management systems, and supporting service software.
23. The operating system (OS) is a collection of systematic programs that control and manage computer resources. It serves as an interface between users and the computer hardware system, providing a bridge for users and application software to access and control computer hardware.
24. Algorithms: Their main properties are: ① finiteness; ② determinacy; ③ feasibility; ④ input/output.
25. The operating system is a large management control program that includes five management functions: processor management, storage management, device management, file management, and job management.
(1) can be divided into real-time operating systems, time-sharing operating systems, and batch processing operating systems based on their operating environment.
(2) can be divided into single-user and multi-user operating systems based on the number of users they manage.
(3) can be classified into single-user single-task operating systems, single-user multi-task operating systems, and multi-user multi-task operating systems based on the number of jobs managed simultaneously.
27. Common database management systems include FoxPro, FoxBASE+, Access on microcomputers, and large database management systems like Oracle, DB2, Sybase, and SQL Server, all of which are relational database management systems.
28. Basics of program design: data structures and algorithms are the two main aspects of programming; it can generally be considered that: program = algorithm + data structure.
29. Programming languages:
(1) Machine language: the only language that the computer system can recognize without translation
(2) Assembly language: the symbolic representation of machine language (3) High-level language: significantly improves programming efficiency
30. Machine language and assembly language are generally referred to as low-level languages.
31. High-level languages are divided into two categories: interpreted and compiled.
32. Interpreter: An interpreter accepts source programs written in a certain programming language (such as Basic), interprets and executes each statement of the source program one by one, and finally produces results. The interpreter translates and executes the source program simultaneously, without generating a target program.
33. Compiler: A compiler is a translation program that translates source programs written in high-level languages into equivalent target programs represented in machine language, a process known as compilation.
34. The microprocessor (CPU) is a very large-scale integrated circuit chip that integrates the arithmetic unit, control unit, and high-speed internal cache, and is the most important core component of the computer.
35. A microcontroller is formed by integrating a microprocessor (CPU), a certain capacity of memory, and I/O interface circuits onto a single chip.
36. A single-board computer is created by installing a microprocessor, memory, and I/O interface circuits on a printed circuit board.
37. A PC (Personal Computer) is generally referred to as a microcomputer used by a single user, which is currently the most widely used type of microcomputer.
38. Portable microcomputers generally include notebook computers and personal digital assistants (PDAs).
39. The memory in a microcomputer generally refers to random access memory (RAM). The main frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).
40. Currently common memory types include SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, and DDR II SDRAM.
41. A floppy disk has a diameter of 3.5 inches and a capacity of 1.44 MB.
42. A floppy disk has a write protection notch; when the write protection notch is in the protected state (i.e., open), it can only read the information on the disk and cannot write, preventing data from being erased or rewritten and also preventing virus intrusion.
43. The buses in a microcomputer are generally divided into data buses, address buses, and control buses, used to transmit data, data addresses, and control signals, respectively.
44. The motherboard is the largest circuit board in a microcomputer system, sometimes referred to as the main board or system board, and is a large printed circuit board with various connectors.
45. A computer with multimedia processing capabilities is called a multimedia computer. Multimedia has characteristics of diversity, real-time, interactivity, and integration.
46. The development of computers:
(1) First generation (1946-1957) vacuum tube computers, machine language, assembly language, scientific computing
(2) Second generation (1958-1964) transistor computers, transistors, high-level programming languages, data processing
(3) Third generation (1965-1970) integrated circuit computers, small and medium-scale integrated circuits, high-level programming languages widely used in various fields
(4) Fourth generation (1971-present) integrated circuit computers, integrated circuits, object-oriented high-level languages, network era
(5) Fifth generation future computers, photon, quantum, DNA, etc.
47. Operating systems mainly have four characteristics: (1) concurrency (2) sharing (3) virtualization (4) asynchrony
48. Concurrency refers to the simultaneous execution of two or more running programs within the same time interval.
49. The operating system is a concurrent system, and systems that adopt concurrent technology are also known as multitasking systems.
50. File management mainly completes the following tasks: providing file logical organization methods, providing file physical organization methods, providing file access methods, providing file usage methods, implementing file directory management, implementing file access control, and implementing file storage space management.
51. Operating systems can generally be divided into three basic types: 1) batch processing systems; 2) time-sharing systems; 3) real-time systems.
52. With the development of computer science, many types of operating systems have emerged, mainly including embedded operating systems, personal operating systems, network operating systems, distributed operating systems, etc.
53. The batch processing operating system’s working method is: users submit jobs to system operators, who compile many users’ jobs into a batch and then input them into the computer, forming an automatic, continuous stream of jobs in the system. The operating system then automatically executes each job sequentially, and finally, the operator returns the job results to the users.
54. The time-sharing operating system’s working method is: a host connects several terminals, each with a user. Users interactively submit command requests to the system, which accepts each user’s command and processes service requests in a time-slice round-robin manner, displaying results to users on their terminals interactively.
55. The real-time operating system refers to an operating system that enables the computer to respond promptly to external event requests and complete processing of those events within strict time limits, coordinating all real-time devices and tasks to work in harmony.
56. The embedded operating system runs in an embedded system environment, coordinating, scheduling, directing, and controlling all resources and components it operates and controls.
57. Depending on the number of users using the computer at the same time, operating systems can also be classified into single-user and multi-user operating systems.
58. A single-user operating system allows only one user to use the computer at the same time, with that user enjoying all hardware and software resources. If multiple users can use the computer simultaneously, it is called a multi-user operating system.
59. If users can run multiple applications simultaneously (each application is called a task), such an operating system is called a multitasking operating system. If users can only run one application at a time, the corresponding operating system is called a single-task operating system.
60. Early DOS operating systems were single-user single-task operating systems, while Windows 7 is a single-user multi-task operating system.
61. Network operating systems are based on computer networks and are software developed according to network architecture, protocols, and standards on various computer operating systems, including network management, communication, security, resource sharing, and various network applications, with the goal of mutual communication and resource sharing.
62. A large number of computers connected via networks can achieve extremely high computing power and extensive data sharing, and such a system is called a distributed system.
63. MS-DOS has a character-based user interface and operates via command line, which is quite inconvenient and requires users to memorize a large number of DOS commands.
64. The Unix operating system is a general-purpose, interactive time-sharing operating system.
65. The Mac OS operating system, launched by Apple Inc., runs on Macintosh computers. Mac OS is the pioneer of fully graphical interfaces and operating methods.
66. Windows XP is currently most popular in its Home and Professional editions.
67. A shortcut is a file with an extension of .lnk, usually associated with an application or document.
68. The minimum system requirements for Windows are:
(1) Recommended computer clock frequency is 300 MHz or higher, with at least 233 MHz (for single or dual-processor systems), recommended processors include Intel Pentium/Celeron series, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron series, or compatible processors;
(2) Recommended RAM is 128 MB or higher (minimum support is 64 MB, which may affect performance and certain functions);
(3) 1.5 GB of available hard disk space;
(4) Super VGA (800×600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitor;
(6) Keyboard and Microsoft mouse or compatible pointing device.
69. Windows windows are highly uniform in appearance, style, and operation.
(1) Border (2) Title bar (3) Menu bar (4) Toolbar (5) Status bar (6) Document view (7) Scroll bar
70. Modal dialog boxes refer to those that block the main program window when opened, and the main window cannot be processed until the dialog is closed.
71. Non-modal dialog boxes are those that allow the main window to be processed even when the dialog box is displayed.
72. A file is a collection of related information stored on external storage.
73. A file can store a program, an article, a piece of music, a picture, etc.
74. Certain symbols such as /, \, *, ?, <, >, | are not allowed in file names.
75. The main file name should relate to the content of the file, and the extension is used to distinguish the file type, which is why the extension is also called the type name.
76. At a certain moment, only one node can be in an open state; when a node is open, its name will turn blue, and some node icons will also change accordingly.
77. The excellent features of Windows are due to the adoption of the advanced Unicode character set. The Unicode character set is a 16-bit character encoding standard developed by the Unicode Consortium.
78. The right side of the console lists user accounts on the computer; Administrator and Guest accounts are automatically created when installing the Windows system, making it possible to manage the computer upon first login.
79. To prevent unauthorized users from attempting to log in as Administrator, the Administrator can be renamed, but the account cannot be deleted.
80. The Guest account can be disabled or renamed by the administrator for security reasons, but the account cannot be deleted.
81. The drawing program is a simple drawing tool that allows users to draw black-and-white or color graphics, save these graphics as bitmap files (.bmp files), print them, use them as desktop backgrounds, or paste them into another document, and view and edit scanned photos using “Paint”.
82. WordPad and Notepad are two word processing programs included with Windows 7, both providing basic text editing functions.
83. WordPad has stronger functionality, allowing users to create and edit formatted files, with an interface and usage method very similar to Word.
84. Notepad is a text file editor that users can use to edit simple documents or create web pages. The use of “Notepad” is very simple; the files it edits are text files, which greatly facilitates editing source programs in high-level languages.
85. In the 1980s, widely used systems included word processing systems WPS, table editing software CCED, and document editing systems like Word Star.
86. Formatting design is an important task that includes page setup, page numbering, column layout, header and footer settings, etc.
87. Microsoft Office has seven commonly used components for daily office tasks. They are: word processing software Word, spreadsheet processing software Excel, presentation software PowerPoint, database management software Access, dynamic form software InfoPath, email management software Outlook, and desktop publishing software Publisher.
88. The title bar is located at the top of the window and is blue by default. It contains the application name, document name, and control buttons.
89. Methods to show or hide toolbars:
Right-click on any area of the toolbar or tab, and select the desired toolbar from the pop-up shortcut menu.
90. The task pane can be called up through “Page Layout” – “Task Pane”.
91. The ruler has both horizontal and vertical types, used to determine the position of documents on the screen and paper. The horizontal ruler’s indent buttons can be used for paragraph indentation and margin adjustment, and tab stops can be set using the ruler.
92. The status bar is located at the bottom of the window, displaying the current status of the form, such as the current page number, section number, current page and total number of pages, cursor insertion point position, overwrite/insert status, and the currently used language.
93. Common methods to start Word 2010 include:
(1) Click “Start” → “Programs” → “Microsoft Office” → “Microsoft Office Word 2010”.
(2) Double-click the Word shortcut icon created on the desktop.
(3) Double-click an established Word document.
94. Common methods to exit Word 2010 include:
(1) Click the “Close” button in the upper right corner of the Word window.
(2) Click the “Exit” command in the “File” menu.
(3) Double-click the control icon in the upper left corner of the Word window or use the shortcut key Alt+F4.
95. Click the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu, click the “Save” tab in the dialog that appears, check the “Automatic Save Time Interval” checkbox, and set the automatic save time interval to edit your works with peace of mind.
(1) Click the “Open” command in the “File” tab
(2) Click the “Open” tool button on the common toolbar
(3) Use the shortcut key Ctrl+O.
(4) Click one of the last four documents listed usually under the “File” tab (to set the number of documents listed under the “File” menu, select the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu, click the “General” tab, and set the number of documents listed in the “Recently Used Files” text box).
97. Creating a new blank document (1) Click the “New” button on the common toolbar directly. (2) Use the shortcut key Ctrl+N.
(1) Click the “Close” command in the “File” menu to close the currently edited document.
(2) Click the “Close” button in the upper right corner of the document window to close the currently edited document.
99. Using keyboard commands or shortcuts: pressing the Home and End keys can quickly move the insertion point to the beginning or end of the document; pressing Ctrl+Home and Ctrl+End can quickly move the insertion point to the beginning and end of the document.
100. Word provides two entry states: “Insert” and “Overwrite”. The “Insert” state means that the typed text will be inserted at the current cursor position, pushing the text after the cursor in order; the “Overwrite” state means that the typed text will sequentially overwrite the text after the cursor.
