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In some provinces, the computer exam is a required subject for the college entrance examination.Computer science is relatively simple and can quickly improve scores; its review method is similar to that of liberal arts subjects. To successfully pass the computer exam for college entrance, the key is “memorization”.
Today, Xiao Ku has compiled the essential knowledge points for the college entrance computer exam for students preparing for the exam. Candidates must take a careful look.
Essential Knowledge Points for the College Entrance Computer Exam
1. The symbolization of information is data, so data is the specific representation of information, while information is the logical meaning abstracted from data.
2. Information technology refers to the relevant technologies that people use to acquire, store, transmit, process, develop, and utilize information resources.
3. The core of culture is: concepts and values.
4. Computer culture is one of the four milestones in the development of human culture (the first three are the emergence of language, the use of written characters, and the invention of printing).
5. The characteristics of computers are: 1) fast computation speed 2) large storage capacity 3) strong versatility 4) automation 5) high accuracy
6. Word length is the actual bit length that a computer can process at one time, and it is an important indicator of computing performance.
7. Word length refers to the number of bits of binary data that the computer’s arithmetic unit can process simultaneously, which is closely related to the computer’s functions and uses.
8. Character encoding mainly uses ASCII code, which stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
9. When representing Chinese characters internally in a computer, the highest bit of the exchange code (national standard code) is set to 1, which is called “internal code”.
10. There are usually two methods for recording Chinese character shapes: dot matrix and vector methods, corresponding to two types of character encoding: dot matrix code and vector code.
11. A 16×16 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 32 bytes, while a 32×32 dot matrix character occupies 128 bytes, and dot matrix codes are difficult to scale and prone to distortion.
12. Chinese character input methods can be divided into four types: flow code, phonetic code, shape code, and combined phonetic and shape code. Full pinyin input method, intelligent ABC, and Microsoft Pinyin are phonetic codes, while Wubi input is a shape code. Phonetic codes have many duplicates and slow input speed; shape codes have fewer duplicates and faster input speed, but are more difficult to learn and master. Currently, intelligent ABC, Microsoft Pinyin, Ziguang Pinyin input method, and Sogou input method are mainstream Chinese character input methods.
13. A computer system consists of hardware and software, and the software system can be divided into system software and application software, among which the operating system is the most important system software.
14. A computer with no software configured is called bare metal.
15. Common input devices include: mouse, keyboard, scanner, digitizer, digital camera, barcode reader, digital camera, A/D converter, etc.
16. The controller and arithmetic unit are collectively referred to as the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It is the core component of the computer.
17. The most commonly used output devices are monitors, printers, and speakers, as well as plotters and various D/A converters.
18. From the perspective of information input and output, disk drives and tape drives can be seen as both input and output devices.
19. An instruction is a command that instructs the computer to perform a certain operation, consisting of a string of binary codes that include operation codes and address codes.
20. A computer has many instructions, each serving different purposes. The collection of all instructions is called the computer instruction system. Different computer systems have different instruction systems; common instruction systems include Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) and Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC).
21. Software refers to the totality of programs, data, and related documents required for the operation of a computer. Data is the object being processed by the program, and documents are materials related to the development, maintenance, and use of the program.
22. System software is the layer of software that is closest to the hardware in the computer system. It mainly includes operating systems, language processing programs, database management systems, and supporting service software.
23. The operating system (OS) is a collection of systematic programs that control and manage computer resources. It serves as an interface between users and the computer hardware system, providing users and application software access to and control over computer hardware.
24. Algorithms: their main properties are: ① finiteness; ② determinism; ③ feasibility; ④ input/output.
25. The operating system is a large management control program that includes five management functions: processor management, storage management, device management, file management, and job management.
(1) Can be divided into real-time operating systems, time-sharing operating systems, and batch processing operating systems based on their running environment.
(2) Can be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems based on the number of users managed.
(3) Can be divided into single-user single-task operating systems, single-user multi-task operating systems, and multi-user multi-task operating systems based on the number of jobs managed simultaneously.
27. Common database management systems include FoxPro, FoxBASE+, Access on microcomputers, and large database management systems such as Oracle, DB2, Sybase, SQL Server, etc., all of which are relational database management systems.
28. Basic programming design: data structures and algorithms are the two main aspects of programming; it can usually be considered that: program = algorithm + data structure.
29. Programming languages:
(1) Machine language: the only language that computer systems can recognize without translation
(2) Assembly language: the symbolic representation of machine language (3) High-level languages: greatly improve programming efficiency
30. Machine language and assembly language are generally referred to as low-level languages.
31. High-level languages are divided into two categories: interpreted and compiled.
32. Interpreter: an interpreter accepts source programs written in a certain programming language (such as Basic language) and interprets and executes each statement of the source program one by one, ultimately producing results. The interpreter translates and executes the source program simultaneously, without producing target programs.
33. Compiler: a compiler is a translation program that translates source programs written in high-level languages into equivalent target programs expressed in machine language; this translation process is called compilation.
34. Microprocessor (CPU) is a large-scale integrated circuit chip that integrates the arithmetic unit, control unit, and high-speed internal cache, and is the most important core component in a computer.
35. Microcontroller: integrates a microprocessor (CPU), a certain capacity of memory, and I/O interface circuits into a single chip, forming a microcontroller.
36. Single-board computer: installs a microprocessor, memory, and I/O interface circuits on a printed circuit board, becoming a single-board computer.
37. PC (Personal Computer) is generally referred to as a microcomputer used by a single user, which is currently the most widely used type of microcomputer.
38. Portable microcomputer: portable microcomputers generally include laptop computers and personal digital assistants (PDAs).
39. The memory in a microcomputer generally refers to Random Access Memory (RAM). The main frequency unit is Hertz (Hz).
40. Commonly used memory includes SDRAM and DDR SDRAM, as well as DDR II SDRAM, etc.
41. Floppy disk: its diameter is 3.5 inches, and its capacity is 1.44 MB.
42. The floppy disk has a write protection hole. When the write protection hole is in the protected state (i.e., the write protection hole is open), only information in the disk can be read, and writing is not allowed, which prevents data from being erased or rewritten and also prevents viruses from invading.
43. The bus in a microcomputer is generally divided into data bus, address bus, and control bus, which are used to transmit data, data addresses, and control signals respectively.
44. The motherboard is the largest circuit board in a microcomputer system, sometimes referred to as the main board or system board, and is a large printed circuit board with various ports.
45. A computer with multimedia processing capability is called a multimedia computer. Multimedia has the characteristics of diversity, real-time, interactivity, and integration.
46. The development of computers:
(1) First generation (1946—1957) vacuum tube computers, machine language, assembly language, scientific computing
(2) Second generation (1958—1964) transistor computers, transistors, high-level programming languages, data processing
(3) Third generation (1965—1970) integrated circuit computers, small and medium scale integrated circuits, high-level programming languages widely used in various fields
(4) Fourth generation (1971—now) integrated circuit computers, integrated circuits, object-oriented high-level languages, network era
(5) Fifth generation future computers, photon, quantum, DNA, etc.
47. Operating systems mainly have four characteristics: (1) concurrency (2) sharing (3) virtualization (4) asynchrony
48. Concurrency refers to the simultaneous execution of two or more running programs within the same time interval.
49. The operating system is a concurrent system, and systems that adopt concurrent technology are also called multi-task systems.
50. File management mainly completes the following tasks: providing logical organization methods for files, providing physical organization methods for files, providing access methods for files, providing usage methods for files, implementing directory management for files, implementing access control for files, and implementing storage space for files.
51. Operating systems can generally be divided into three basic types: 1) batch processing systems; 2) time-sharing systems; 3) real-time systems.
52. With the development of computer science, many types of operating systems have emerged, mainly including embedded operating systems, personal operating systems, network operating systems, distributed operating systems, etc.
53. The working method of batch processing operating systems is: users submit jobs to system operators, who then group many users’ jobs into a batch and input them into the computer, forming an automatically transferred continuous job flow in the system, then start the operating system, which automatically executes each job in turn, and finally the operator hands the job results back to the users.
54. The working method of time-sharing operating systems is: a host connects several terminals, each terminal has a user, users interactively issue command requests to the system, the system accepts each user’s commands, processes service requests in a time-slice rotation manner, and displays results to users on the terminals interactively.
55. Real-time operating systems refer to those that allow computers to respond promptly to external event requests and complete processing of those events within strict prescribed time, coordinating the work of all real-time devices and tasks.
56. Embedded operating systems run in embedded system environments, coordinating, scheduling, commanding, and controlling the entire embedded system and its various components and devices.
57. Based on the number of users using the computer at the same time, operating systems can also be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems.
58. A single-user operating system refers to a system in which only one user can use a computer at the same time, and one user enjoys all hardware and software resources of the system, while if multiple users are allowed to use the computer simultaneously, it is called a multi-user operating system.
59. If users can run multiple applications at the same time (each application is called a task), such an operating system is called a multi-task operating system; if users can only run one application at a time, the corresponding operating system is called a single-task operating system.
60. Early DOS operating systems were single-user single-task operating systems, while Windows 7 is a single-user multi-task operating system.
61. Network operating systems are based on computer networks and are software developed on various computer operating systems according to network architecture, protocols, and standards, including network management, communication, security, resource sharing, and various network applications, with the goal of enabling communication and resource sharing.
62. A large number of computers connected through a network can achieve extremely high computing power and extensive data sharing, and this system is called a distributed system.
63. MS-DOS has a character-based user interface, using command-line operations for management, which is inconvenient and requires users to memorize a large number of DOS commands.
64. Unix operating system is a general-purpose, interactive time-sharing operating system.
65. Mac OS operating system is launched by Apple Inc. and runs on Macintosh computers. Mac OS is the pioneer of fully graphical interfaces and operational methods.
66. Windows XP is currently most popular in its home and professional editions.
67. A shortcut is a file with the extension .lnk, usually associated with an application or document.
68. The minimum system requirements for Windows are:
(1) Recommended clock frequency for the computer is 300 MHz or higher, at least 233MHz (for single or dual processor systems), recommended processors are Intel Pentium/Celeron series, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron series or compatible processors;
(2) Recommended RAM is 128 MB or higher (minimum support is 64M, which may affect performance and some features);
(3) 1.5GB of available hard disk space;
(4) Super VGA (800×600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitor;
(6) Keyboard and Microsoft mouse or compatible pointing device.
69. Windows’ windows have a high degree of uniformity in appearance, style, and operation.
(1) Border (2) Title bar (3) Menu bar (4) Toolbar (5) Status bar (6) Document view (7) Scroll bar
(1) Modal dialog: refers to a type of dialog box that prevents the main program window from being processed while it is open, and only allows processing of the main window after closing this dialog box.
(2) Non-modal dialog: refers to those dialog boxes that allow the main window to be processed even while the dialog box is displayed.
(3) File (File) refers to a collection of related information stored on external storage.
(4) A file can store a program, an article, a piece of music, a picture, etc.
(5) Certain symbols such as /, \, *, ?, <, >, | are not allowed in file names.
(6) The main file name should be related to the content of the file, and the extension is used to distinguish the type of file, thus the extension is also called type name.
(7) At any given moment, only one node can be in an open state, and when a node is in an open state, its name will turn blue, and some node icons will also change accordingly.
(8) The excellent features of Windows are attributed to the adoption of advanced Unicode character set. The Unicode character set is a 16-bit character encoding standard developed by the Unicode Consortium.
(9) The right side of the console lists user accounts on the computer, with Administrator and Guest accounts automatically created when installing the Windows system, enabling management for the first login to the computer.
(10) To prevent unauthorized users from attempting to log in to the computer as Administrator, the Administrator account can be renamed but not deleted.
(11) The Guest account can be disabled or renamed by the administrator for security reasons, but cannot be deleted.
(12) The Paint program is a simple drawing tool that allows users to create black and white or color graphics, save them as bitmap files (.bmp), print them, set them as desktop backgrounds, or paste them into another document, and can also be used to view and edit scanned photos.
(13) WordPad and Notepad are two word processing programs that come with Windows 7, both providing basic text editing functions.
(14) WordPad has more powerful features, allowing users to create and edit formatted files, with an interface and usage similar to Word.
(15) Notepad is a text file editor that allows users to edit simple documents or create web pages. Using Notepad is very straightforward, and the files it edits are text files, which greatly facilitates the editing of source programs in some high-level languages.
(16) In the 1980s, widely used word processing systems included WPS, table editing software CCED, and document editing systems like Word Star.
(17) Layout design is an important task that includes page setup, page numbering, column layout, and setting headers and footers.
(18) Microsoft Office has seven commonly used components for daily office tasks. They are: word processing software Word, spreadsheet processing software Excel, presentation software PowerPoint, database management software Access, dynamic form software InfoPath, email management software Outlook, and desktop publishing software Publisher.
(19) The title bar is located at the top of the window, defaulting to blue. It contains the application name, document name, and control buttons.
(20) The method of showing or hiding toolbars:
Right-click on any position of the toolbar or tab and select the desired toolbar from the pop-up shortcut menu.
(21) The task pane can be called through “Page Layout” – “Task Pane”.
(22) The ruler has two types: horizontal and vertical, used to determine the position of documents on the screen and paper. It can also use the indentation button on the horizontal ruler to adjust paragraph indentation and margins. Tab stops can also be set using the tab markers on the ruler.
(23) The status bar is located at the bottom of the window, displaying the current status of the form, such as the current page number, section number, current page and total number of pages, cursor insertion point position, overwrite/insert status, and the current language in use.
(24) Common methods to start Word 2010 are as follows:
(1) Click “Start” → “Programs” → “Microsoft Office” → “Microsoft Office Word 2010”.
(2) Double-click the Word shortcut icon established on the desktop.
(3) Double-click an established Word document.
(25) Common methods to exit Word 2010 include:
(1) Click the “Close” button at the upper right corner of the Word window.
(2) Click the “Exit” command in the “File” menu.
(3) Double-click the control icon at the upper left corner of the Word window or use the shortcut key Alt+F4.
(26) Click the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu, then click the “Save” tab in the pop-up dialog box, check the “Automatically save time interval” checkbox and set the automatic save time interval, so you can edit your work with peace of mind.
(1) Click the “Open” command in the “File” tab.
(2) Click the “Open” tool button on the common toolbar.
(3) Use the Ctrl+O shortcut key.
(4) Click one of the four documents that have been recently used listed under the “File” tab (you can set the number of documents listed under the “File” menu by selecting the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu, clicking the “General” tab, and setting the number in the “List recently used files” text box).
(28) Create a new blank document (1) Directly click the “New” button on the common toolbar. (2) Use the Ctrl+N shortcut key.
(1) Click the “Close” command in the “File” menu to close the currently edited document.
(2) Click the “Close” button at the upper right of the document window to close the currently edited document.
(30) Use keyboard commands or shortcut keys: pressing the Home and End keys can quickly move the insertion point to the beginning and end of the document; pressing Ctrl+Home and Ctrl+End can quickly move the insertion point to the beginning and end of the document.
(31) Word provides two input statuses: “Insert” and “Overwrite” status. The “Insert” status means that the text typed will be inserted at the current cursor position, shifting the text after the cursor in order; the “Overwrite” status means that the text typed will overwrite the text after the cursor in order.
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