High School Entrance Examination Quality Lecture Collection
Compilation of 33 Frontier Poems from Beijing for Appreciation (Lecture Version)Compilation of 32 Object Poems from Beijing for Appreciation (Lecture Version)Compilation of 29 Pastoral Poems from Beijing for Appreciation (Lecture Version)Compilation of 30 Farewell Poems from Beijing for Appreciation (Lecture Version)Compilation of 45 Farewell Poems from Shanghai for AppreciationCompilation of 33 Object Poems from Shanghai for Appreciation (Lecture Version)Compilation of 36 Historical Poems from Shanghai for Appreciation (Lecture Version)Compilation of 36 Frontier Poems from Shanghai for Appreciation (Lecture Version)Compilation of 52 Frontier Poems from Jiangsu for Appreciation (Lecture Version)Compilation of 60 Landscape Poems from Jiangsu for Appreciation (Lecture Version)Compilation of 68 Travel and Nostalgia Poems from Jiangsu for Appreciation (Lecture Version)Compilation of 64 Historical Poems from Zhejiang for Appreciation (Lecture Version)Compilation of 60 Farewell Poems from Zhejiang for Appreciation (Lecture Version)Compilation of 60 Travel and Nostalgia Poems from Zhejiang for Appreciation
Beijing’s Frontier Poems 33 Compilation
Poems of War at the Frontier
Emotions of the Frontier
Joining the Army:To throw away the pen and join the army. Refers to literati joining the military.
Ban Chao was poor and often worked as a scribe to support himself, enduring hardships for a long time. He once lamented:“A man of great ambition should emulate Fu Jiezi and Zhang Qian to achieve merit in the Western Regions, to gain titles and nobility. How can one linger in the world of pens and ink for long?” Everyone laughed at him. Chao said, “How can you know the ambitions of a hero?” Later, Chao was sent to the Western Regions and achieved merit and was granted a title. (“Book of the Later Han, Biography of Ban Chao”）
Requesting to Join:Requesting to be assigned to kill enemies;volunteering to join the army to serve the country
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han,the King of Nanyuerequested to form an alliance with Han. Emperor Wu planned to persuade the King of Nanyue to submit to the Han Dynasty.The advisor Zhong Jun proactively requested:“I wish to take the long cord,and must capture the King of Nanyue and bring him to the court.”Later, Zhong Jun fulfilled his mission and successfully persuaded the King of Nanyue to submit to the Han Dynasty.（“Book of Han, Biography of Zhong Jun”）
Slaying Loulan:To kill enemies and achieve merit.
During the Western Han, the King of the small country Loulan, under the instigation of the Xiongnu envoy, repeatedly killed Han envoys sent to Dayuan. Han Fu Jiezi volunteered to go to Dayuan, to apologize to the King of Loulan, and under the cover of night, led soldiers to kill the Xiongnu envoy, safely reaching Dayuan.
After Emperor Zhao of Han, Loulan remained unpredictable. General Huo Guang sent Fu Jiezi with a large number of precious gifts and capable warriors to the Western Regions, claiming this trip was to reward the vassal states. The greedy King of Loulan had no defenses. Fu Jiezi set an ambush at the post house and invited the King of Loulan to a banquet,and killed the King of Loulan, pacifying Loulan and achieving military merit.（“Book of Han, Biography of Fu Jiezi”, also found in “Book of Han, Western Regions”）
Yanran:Yanran, a mountain name, is now known as the Hangai Mountain in Mongolia. Le Gong, inscribed stone records of merit.
During the Eastern Han, General Dou Xian pursued the Northern Xiongnu, crossing over three thousand miles, reaching Yanran Mountain to inscribe stone records of merit and returning.
Wrapping the Body in Horsehide:To wrap the body in horsehide, referring to soldiers dying on the battlefield.
A man should die in the wilds, to be buried wrapped in horsehide. How can one lie in bed under the hands of children?（“Book of the Later Han, Biography of Ma Yuan”）
Guide to Interpretation:
The Frontier Poetry School refers to a school of poetry formed during the Kaiyuan and Tianbao periods of the Tang Dynasty, mainly reflecting the life of war at the borders of the Tang Dynasty.
Representative authors include Gao Shi, Cen Shen, Wang Changling, Li Qi, Wang Zhihuan, Wang Han, etc. They inherited the traditions of the Han and Wei Le Fu and the Six Dynasties, as well as the early Tang poets such as Bao Zhao and Chen Ziang, often using poetry to describe the landscapes, customs, and people of the frontier; their poems either depict the scenery beyond the pass or express the passionate and heroic spirit of the border soldiers who kill enemies and achieve merit, as well as the tragic sacrifice in the face of national difficulties; or reflect the fighting spirit of soldiers who are not afraid of hardship and defend the borders; or depict the desolation of longing for home under the moon and the suffering of long years of war, the deep emotions of soldiers and their loved ones missing each other and their unfortunate encounters; or satirize and advise rulers who expand territory and engage in war, expressing aversion to war and longing for peace. In terms of creative style, they are often characterized by grandeur, boldness, and magnificence.
【Reasons for the Rise of Frontier Poetry】
1Strong border defense
2Rulers valued military over literature, and it was much easier for scholars to gain fame by achieving merit at the border than through the imperial examination.
4Moreover, the active and progressive atmosphere of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
【Common Themes in Frontier Poetry】
1The ambition of soldiers to achieve military merit, the hardships of life at the border, the brutal scenes of war, and the soldiers’ feelings of homesickness;
2Scenery of the frontier, geography of the border, ethnic customs, and interactions between ethnic groups, etc.
Among them, the former is the main theme.
【Common Emotional Types in Frontier Poetry】
1To praise soldiers for their bravery in killing enemies and dedicating themselves to the country;
2To express one’s own desire to join the army and achieve merit;
3To describe the landscapes and hardships of life at the border;
4To depict the feelings of soldiers longing for home and missing their loved ones;
5To portray a happy and peaceful life, longing for peace;
6To denounce rulers who engage in war and disregard human life;
7To reveal the unequal joys and sorrows in the military, expressing deep sympathy;
8To express the frustration of unfulfilled ambitions and the feeling of being overlooked;
▲ It is also important to understand the emotional contradictions present in frontier poetry:
The contradiction between the passion for serving the country and the longing for home; the contradiction between patriotic fervor and the hardships of life; the contradiction between hating incompetent generals and the spirit of dedication, etc.
【Style of Frontier Poetry in Different Eras】
Frontier poetry is a product of its time, reflecting the rise and fall of the nation, and understanding the era in which the author lived helps to appreciate the content of the work and the author’s emotions.
1Prosperous Tang Poetry Style:The Tang Dynasty was powerful, and the intellectuals who joined the army were mostly spirited and passionate. In their poetry, especially in frontier poetry, despite the harsh environment beyond the pass, there is a deep longing for home and loved ones, but more often there is a shared hatred for the enemy and a determination to defend the homeland, with a high-spirited tone and passionate emotions.Even in difficult wars, they are magnificent; even in distant garrisons, they are cheerful; even in heroic sacrifices, they have no regrets.
Huangsha hundred battles wear golden armor, and I vow not to return until I slay Loulan. (Wang Changling)
2Mid to Late Tang Poetry Style:After the An Lushan Rebellion, the power of the Tang Dynasty declined, and the situation worsened, causing mid to late Tang poets to maintain an uplifting tone, but inevitably mixed with much sadness and regret.
How pitiful are the bones by the Uncertain River, still a person in the spring chamber dream. (Chen Tao) In the desert, thirty thousand soldiers, at one glance looking back at the moon. (Li Yi)
3 Song Dynasty Poetry Style:The Song Dynasty was impoverished and weak, facing strong invasions from northern ethnic minorities,the country was always at a disadvantage in ethnic struggles,but the rulers indulged in luxury and did not seek progress.With constant external threats and national crises,in the writings of intellectuals,frontier poetry often expressed resentment at being unable to serve the country, sorrow at the hopelessness of returning home, less heroic spirit, more sadness, less grandeur, and more sorrow for the family and country.
On the long wall of the frontier, I can only make empty promises, and in the mirror, my hair is already gray. (Lu You)
Yanran has not yet been inscribed, and the Qiang flute is full of frost. (Fan Zhongyan)
【Appreciation Focus】
To appreciate frontier poetry, one must combine the author’s life and thoughts with the specific time of poetry creation,
1. Analyze which features of the frontier are depicted in the poet’s choice of scenery and events.
2. What techniques are used?
3. What type of emotions are expressed?
4. What style is presented?
【Appreciation Process】
1 Analyze the Title
Titles often contain words like “pass,” “征,” “army,” etc.;there are also old topics from the Le Fu, such as “Liangzhou Ci,” “Shaonian Xing,” “Guanshan Yue,” “Congjun Xing,” etc.;
2Know the People and the Times
（1）Grasp the characteristics of the era
（2）Understandpersonal experiences.
Frontier poetry has rich themes and diverse styles,and besides being a product of the times, a more important reason is the poet himself. Even the same poet, with the same theme, can present distinctly different characteristics in theme and style due to different experiences and emotions at different times. Appreciation of poetry should not fall into fixed thinking.
3 Pay Attention to Commonly Used Words (Including Imagery)
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Place Names |
Han Sea, Qixi, Luntai,Shule,Guizhu, Tuyuhun, Yelang, Loulan, Anxi,Qinghai,Yinshan, Liangzhou, Shouxiang City, Yumenguan, and so on |
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Scenery |
Desert, beacon smoke, rocky cliffs, Great Wall, yellow sand, Yellow River, long clouds, autumn moon, snow-capped mountains, lonely city, wild geese flying, eagles soaring, arrows flying, horses running, drums and horns sounding, horses neighing |
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Music |
“Zhe Yang Liu,” “Falling Plum Blossoms,” “Guanshan Yue” |
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Titles |
Protector, General, Chanyu, Hu Ji, Conqueror, Hu Er,Flying General, Proud Captive, Protector, Xiongnu, Wusun, Chanyu,Hu Lu |
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Ethnic Names |
Hu, Qiang, Jie, Yi |
4 Pay Attention to Direct Emotional Expressions
5 Analyze the Use of Allusions
6 Analyze Scenery, Entering Emotion from Scenery
By depicting the magnificent and majestic scenery of the frontier with “desert,” “long river,” “setting sun,”
and expressing the intense emotions of the border wars with “golden drums,” “flags,” “beacon smoke,”
and expressing the sorrow of the soldiers guarding the borders with “heavy snow,” “autumn moon,” “yellow grass,”
Characteristics of Scenery: such as magnificent, beautiful, strange, vast, grand, expansive, etc.
Emotional Characteristics: such as bold, heroic, ambitious, patriotic, and passionate about killing enemies.
Characteristics of Artistic ConceptionTerminology:magnificent and grand, magnificent, vast, magnificent, desolate, serene and beautiful, lonely and cold, bleak and desolate, cold and desolate.
7 Experience Different Artistic Styles.
In terms of creative style, it is mainly characterized by grandeur, boldness, and magnificence.
(1) Bold and open, drunk in the battlefield, do not laugh, how many people return from ancient battles.
(2) Magnificent and beautiful, the desert has lonely smoke, and the long river has a round setting sun.
(3) Heroic and sorrowful, the setting sun shines on the great flag, and the horse neighs in the wind.
(4) Subtle and beautiful, when will the Hu captives be pacified, and the good man stop the expedition.
8 Common Techniques
Metaphor,metonymy,exaggeration,contrast, allusion,symbolism.Directly expressing feelings; using scenery to express emotions; combining movement and stillness, blending reality and illusion.
1. Ancient Poetry Reading
(2023Beijing High School Entrance Examination Real Questions
Read the following poem and complete the following questions.
On the Way to Chengdu, I Wrote This to Send to Yan Zhenggong (Part Five)①Du Fu
In the west of Jin Guan City, there are few things happening, and the black table is still thinking of returning.
In the past, I was worried about the chaos of the soldiers entering, and now I fear that the neighbors are not the same.
Side by side with the world, I am more nostalgic, looking back at the wind and dust, I am glad to extinguish my ambitions.
Everyone says that the total military is a cloud and bird formation, and it is better for the wanderer to wear a lotus dress.
【Note】①This poem was written in the year764when Du Fu built a cottage in Chengdu.In 762, Yan Wu entered the court, and Du Fu sent him off to Mianzhou. After that, chaos broke out in Chengdu, and Du Fu fled to Zizhou.In 764, Yan Wu was conferred the title of Duke of Zheng and appointed as the governor of Jianan, and he was stationed in Chengdu again.
1. The following understanding of the poem is incorrect ( ）
A. “In the west of Jin Guan City” describes the poet’s meager life in Chengdu, lamenting the hardships of the world.
B. The sentence “In the black table” expresses the poet’s longing for home.
C. The sentence “In the past” narrates the poet’s worries about the chaos of soldiers entering Chengdu.
D. The sentence “Now I come” describes the poet’s return to Chengdu, seeing the chaos of war and the changes in the world.
2. The following analysis of the poem is correct ( ）
A. The regulated poem generally has only two couplets in the middle, while this poem has all four couplets, which is precise and strict.
B. The poet borrows the evaluation of others to praise Yan Zhenggong’s talent, and the language is appropriate and rich.
C. This poem’s tail couplet corresponds in meaning to the first sentence’s “life is meager,” which can be said to be orderly.
D. The last sentence uses the allusion from “Li Sao,” borrowing the lotus dress to show Du Fu’s noble character of not wanting to be in the same flow.
3. Du Fu’s poetry is profound and rich in meaning, often with multiple meanings in a single couplet. This poem’s “Side by side with the world, I am more nostalgic, looking back at the wind and dust, I am glad to extinguish my ambitions” is often praised. Please analyze the connotations of this couplet.
(23-24High School Entrance Examination Real Questions2023Beijing DaxingMidterm
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