Protocol Stack

From Physical Layer to Application Layer: Layered Design of Bluetooth Protocol Stack and the Evolution of BLE Low Power Consumption

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From Physical Layer to Application Layer: Layered Design of Bluetooth Protocol Stack and the Evolution of BLE Low Power Consumption

The Bluetooth protocol architecture adopts a layered structure, covering multiple protocol components from the physical communication at the bottom layer to the application data transmission at the top layer. The Bluetooth protocol stack is suitable for Classic Bluetooth (BR/EDR) and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), which have similar basic architectures, but BLE is optimized for low … Read more

Learning the Bluetooth BLE Protocol: 001 – Overall Architecture of the BLE Protocol Stack

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As shown in the figure above, to implement a BLE application, you first need a chip that supports BLE radio frequency, then you need to provide a BLE protocol stack that matches this chip, and finally, you can develop your own application on top of the protocol stack. It can be seen that the BLE … Read more

Understanding the Layers of the TCP/IP Protocol Stack

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Understanding the Layers of the TCP/IP Protocol Stack

As we all know, the TCP/IP model is the foundational model for most network communications today, and its basic function is to define the technical framework for interconnecting devices. Through it, networks around the world can interconnect, and information can be exchanged globally. The protocol stack is also known as the communication stack. When we … Read more

Bluetooth Development Insights: Challenges and Solutions

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Bluetooth Development Insights: Challenges and Solutions

Recently, I have been using Chipsea’s Bluetooth chip to develop a small project. The functionality is quite simple, similar to a lost item tracker, but in this project, the host is also a Bluetooth chip instead of a smartphone. This necessitates learning more about protocol stacks. However, the most frustrating part is not learning the … Read more

Linux Networking Essentials: TCP/IP Protocol Stack

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Linux Networking Essentials: TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Today, I will introduce the core part of Linux networking technology – the TCP/IP protocol stack. First, let’s look at the abstract network protocol stack model. TCP/IP Four-layer (Reference) Model Next, we’ll look at the Linux kernel protocol stack implementation framework from a layered perspective. Top-Down Approach Socket / L4 TCP Layer 1. Socket Layer … Read more

CANopen Device Designer: Accelerating CANopen Device Development

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CANopen Device Designer: Accelerating CANopen Device Development

In the development process of CAN/CANopen products, configuring the object dictionary is a crucial step. Users need to have a sufficient understanding of the CANopen protocol, knowing the potential variables and transmission types in the device. It is also necessary to ensure that the design process does not violate the relevant definitions of the CANopen … Read more

CANopen Bus Protocol Stack

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CANopen Bus Protocol Stack

CANopen is a communication protocol stack and device configuration profile specification used in embedded systems for automation. In terms of the OSI model, CANopen implements the above layers, including the network layer. The CANopen standard consists of an addressing scheme, several small communication protocols, and an application layer defined by device configuration profiles. The communication … Read more

Linux BSP Practical Course (Network): Packet Reception Process

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Linux BSP Practical Course (Network): Packet Reception Process

Network Card to Memory Kernel’s Network Module Protocol Stack IP Layer UDP Layer Socket Conclusion This article will introduce how a UDP packet is received step by step from the network card to the process in a Linux system. Network Card to Memory The network interface card must have the appropriate driver installed to function … Read more

Insights on Low Power Design for ZigBee

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Insights on Low Power Design for ZigBee

The low power consumption of ZigBee is something everyone is very concerned about, for example, devices powered by button batteries. (Currently, I have tested that PM2 is about 1.2uA and PM3 is around 0.3uA for the core board, not counting peripherals.) Today, I will just jot down a simple memo: 1. Network Joining Power Consumption … Read more

Integrating Low-Power Bluetooth Functionality into General MCU Chips

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Integrating Low-Power Bluetooth Functionality into General MCU Chips

In current microcontrollers, many older models lack Bluetooth module functionality, while new microcontrollers (MCUs) with Bluetooth modules are rarely featured in existing textbooks. Thus, after researching some materials, this article presents a method to add Bluetooth functionality to standard MCU chips, effectively addressing the integration of older microcontroller models with new technologies. 1. The Necessity … Read more