As we all know, the TCP/IP model is the foundational model for most network communications today, and its basic function is to define the technical framework for interconnecting devices. Through it, networks around the world can interconnect, and information can be exchanged globally. The protocol stack is also known as the communication stack. When we … Read more
Recently, I have been using Chipsea’s Bluetooth chip to develop a small project. The functionality is quite simple, similar to a lost item tracker, but in this project, the host is also a Bluetooth chip instead of a smartphone. This necessitates learning more about protocol stacks. However, the most frustrating part is not learning the … Read more
Today, I will introduce the core part of Linux networking technology – the TCP/IP protocol stack. First, let’s look at the abstract network protocol stack model. TCP/IP Four-layer (Reference) Model Next, we’ll look at the Linux kernel protocol stack implementation framework from a layered perspective. Top-Down Approach Socket / L4 TCP Layer 1. Socket Layer … Read more
In the development process of CAN/CANopen products, configuring the object dictionary is a crucial step. Users need to have a sufficient understanding of the CANopen protocol, knowing the potential variables and transmission types in the device. It is also necessary to ensure that the design process does not violate the relevant definitions of the CANopen … Read more
CANopen is a communication protocol stack and device configuration profile specification used in embedded systems for automation. In terms of the OSI model, CANopen implements the above layers, including the network layer. The CANopen standard consists of an addressing scheme, several small communication protocols, and an application layer defined by device configuration profiles. The communication … Read more
Network Card to Memory Kernel’s Network Module Protocol Stack IP Layer UDP Layer Socket Conclusion This article will introduce how a UDP packet is received step by step from the network card to the process in a Linux system. Network Card to Memory The network interface card must have the appropriate driver installed to function … Read more
The low power consumption of ZigBee is something everyone is very concerned about, for example, devices powered by button batteries. (Currently, I have tested that PM2 is about 1.2uA and PM3 is around 0.3uA for the core board, not counting peripherals.) Today, I will just jot down a simple memo: 1. Network Joining Power Consumption … Read more
In current microcontrollers, many older models lack Bluetooth module functionality, while new microcontrollers (MCUs) with Bluetooth modules are rarely featured in existing textbooks. Thus, after researching some materials, this article presents a method to add Bluetooth functionality to standard MCU chips, effectively addressing the integration of older microcontroller models with new technologies. 1. The Necessity … Read more
1. Introduction Through the introduction of “Bluetooth Protocol Analysis – Protocol Architecture”, everyone should have a simple understanding of the Bluetooth protocol stack, but there is certainly still a feeling of “half-understanding, half-uncertain”. It’s perfectly normal to have this feeling, as the Bluetooth protocol is a long-standing and relatively large protocol that is not easy … Read more
This article’s images are sourced from Mototech Technology. EtherCAT is a real-time industrial Ethernet technology, where CAT stands for Control Automation Technology. As a fieldbus system built on Ethernet, EtherCAT features high speed and low data loss rates, achieving a transmission speed of 100M while maintaining low latency and synchronization, making it a popular industrial … Read more