In 1994, the International Association for the Study of Pain defined neuropathic pain as “pain originating from lesions or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system, or due to transient organ damage.” Removing the “transient organ damage” clause gives us the subtype of neuropathic pain. In 2001, neuropathic pain was further simplified to “pain … Read more
In critically ill adult patients, adverse stress states negatively impact treatment outcomes; thus, effective sedation and analgesia are beneficial for patient prognosis. This article introduces the initiation, maintenance, and discontinuation of sedation and analgesia. Identifying the Causes of Stress ●Anxiety – Anxiety is defined as a response to real or perceived threats, resulting in a … Read more
1. Management of SWD SWD can present as superficial to deep wounds, with exposure of internal organs or implants. The goal of managing SWD is wound healing. Management should be tailored to the specific needs of the patient and requires the involvement and collaboration of the patient, family, nursing staff, and a broader multidisciplinary team. … Read more
Image Source | Internet 『Meige Syndrome (MS)』 is a focal/segmental cranial dystonia that involves eyelid spasms and/or involuntary contractions of the submandibular muscles, leading to segmental dystonia. As the disease progresses, it gradually affects the entire facial and even neck muscles. Currently, MS is classified into 4 types based on the affected areas of dystonia: … Read more
01 Research Background Opioids are the most widely used analgesics in the perioperative period. Research indicates that even patients who have not received opioid treatment are at significant risk for chronic opioid use after major or minor surgeries. In particular, the dose-dependent induction of hyperalgesia and tolerance by remifentanil may lead to postoperative chronic pain … Read more
Author: Zhang Jing | Reviewer: Niu Zheng | Editor: Li Dongge 01 Introduction Reducing the use of opioids during surgery has been a hot topic in clinical research. Currently, there is no clear tool to monitor the truly appropriate dosage of opioids during general anesthesia. Clinically, hemodynamic parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure … Read more