Below is an overview of the functions of each layer in the TCP/IP model. Layer 5 – Application Layer The application layer is where network applications reside. Examples of network applications include web browsers, chat clients, and email clients. Network applications at the application layer use their underlying layer, the Transport Layer, to connect to … Read more
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), as an important component of Bluetooth technology, plays a crucial role in device discovery, connection establishment, and data transmission through its Link Layer. Among its core functions, Device Filtering is designed to optimize resource consumption during scanning and connection processes, improve communication efficiency, and reduce unnecessary interactions. This article will delve … Read more
The previous article briefly introduced the host layer of the BLE protocol stack.An Overview of the BLE Protocol Stack (Part I)This article will provide a brief introduction to the controller layer, which mainly includes the link layer and the physical layer. Physical Layer The physical layer primarily implements data transmission and reception in the 2.4 … Read more
CAN Bus (Part 1) Original Source: http://www.cnblogs.com/jacklu/p/4729638.html Blog Garden, Author: lulujianjie Engineers in embedded systems generally know that the CAN bus is widely used in cars; in fact, marine electronic device communication also extensively uses CAN. With the increasing emphasis on national maritime defense, the demand for CAN will also grow. This summer, by participating … Read more
The TCP/IP protocol stack is structured in layers, with the TCP/IP protocol stack adopting a layered model. From the physical layer to the application layer, each layer implements specific network functions through standardized protocols, ensuring modularity and scalability in network communication. Additionally, inter-layer collaboration facilitates end-to-end data transmission. This layered design allows for fault diagnosis … Read more
Although our article is titled “Connection”, we are still within the scope of broadcast packets. Why is that?Do you remember the types of broadcasts we introduced?Among them, CONNECT_REQ, also known as CONNECT_IND, is the initiator’s connection request.Broadcast Packet TypesCONNECT_IND PacketDo you remember what this header means?Broadcast Packet HeaderBroadcast Packet Structure When introducing broadcasts, the following … Read more
The Data Link Layer Has Three Purposes: To send and receive IP datagrams for the IP module. To send ARP requests and receive ARP responses for the ARP module. To send RARP requests and receive RARP responses. Everyone has heard of IP. As for ARP and RARP, ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol, which is … Read more
What are the different air packet formats in BLE? What are the common PDU commands? What is the difference between PDU and MTU? What is DLE? How does BLE implement retransmission? What is the principle of the BLE ACK mechanism? I hope this article can help answer these questions. Although the BLE air packet (also … Read more
Click the “Blue WeChat Name” Under the Title to Quickly Follow Networking issues are relatively specialized, but understanding some basic knowledge can be very helpful in troubleshooting simple problems. This article from the technical community, “Illustration of 60 Basic Networking Knowledge Points”, explains some basic knowledge related to networks that can be learned and understood. … Read more
If you work in communication or IT, you cannot avoid networks, and the most important protocol in networking is TCP. Whether in practical work or in written exams and interviews, where can you go without TCP? I have read the documents related to TCP in the RFC, and also looked at the source code related … Read more