1. Information is symbolized as data, thus data is the concrete representation of information, and information is the logical meaning abstracted from data.
2. Information technology refers to the relevant technologies that people use to acquire, store, transmit, process, develop, and utilize information resources.
3. The core of culture is ideas and values.
4. Computer culture is one of the four milestones in the development of human culture (the first three are: the emergence of language, the use of writing, and the invention of printing).
5. The characteristics of a computer: fast computation speed, large storage capacity, strong versatility, automation, high accuracy.
6. The word length is the actual number of bits that a computer can process at one time, and it is an important indicator of computational performance.
7. The word length refers to the number of binary data bits that the computing components of a computer can process simultaneously, which is closely related to the function and use of the computer.
8. Character encoding is mainly ASCII code, which stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
9. When representing Chinese characters internally in a computer, the highest bit of the two bytes of the exchange code (national standard code) is changed to 1, which is called internal code.
10. There are usually two methods to record the shape of Chinese characters: dot matrix and vector, corresponding to two types of character encoding: dot matrix code and vector code.
11. A 16×16 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 32 bytes, while a 32×32 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 128 bytes, and dot matrix codes are difficult to scale and easily distorted.
12. Chinese character input codes can be divided into four types: flow code, sound code, shape code, and sound-shape combined code. Pinyin input methods such as Intelligent ABC and Microsoft Pinyin are sound codes, while Wubi is a shape code. Sound codes have many duplicates and slow input speed; shape codes have fewer duplicates and faster input speed, but are more difficult to learn and master. Currently, sound input methods such as Intelligent ABC, Microsoft Pinyin, Zhiguang Pinyin, and Sogou Input Method are mainstream Chinese character input methods.
13. A computer system consists of two parts: hardware and software, with software further divided into system software and application software, among which the operating system is the most important system software.
14. A computer that is not configured with any software is called a bare machine.
15. Common input devices include: mouse, keyboard, scanner, digitizer, digital camera, barcode reader, digital camera, and A/D converter.
16. The controller and arithmetic unit are collectively referred to as the central processing unit (CPU). It is the core component of the computer.
17. The most commonly used output devices are the monitor, printer, and speakers, as well as plotters and various D/A converters.
18. From the perspective of information input and output, disk drives and tape drives can be regarded as both input and output devices.
19. An instruction is a command that instructs the computer to perform a certain operation, consisting of a string of binary codes, which includes an operation code and an address code.
20. A computer has many instructions, each serving different purposes. The collection of all instructions is called the computer instruction system. Different computer systems have different instruction systems, and common instruction systems include Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) and Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC).
21. Software refers to the totality of programs, data, and related documents required for a computer to operate. Data is the object of program processing, and documents are materials related to the development, maintenance, and use of the program.
22. System software is the layer of software that is closest to the hardware in a computer system; it mainly includes the operating system, language processing programs, database management systems, and supporting service software.
23. The operating system (OS) is a collection of systematic programs that control and manage computer resources, serving as an interface between users and the computer hardware system, providing users and application software with access to and control over the computer hardware.
24. Algorithm: Its main properties are: ① finiteness; ② determinacy; ③ feasibility; ④ input/output.
25. The operating system is a large management control program that includes five management functions: processor management, storage management, device management, file management, and job management.
26. The operating system
(1) It can be divided into real-time operating systems, time-sharing operating systems, and batch processing operating systems based on its operating environment.
(2) It can be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems based on the number of users it manages.
(3) It can be divided into single-user single-task operating systems, single-user multi-task operating systems, and multi-user multi-task operating systems based on the number of jobs managed simultaneously.
27. Common database management systems include FoxPro, FoxBASE+, Access on personal computers, and large database management systems such as Oracle, DB2, Sybase, and SQL Server, all of which are relational database management systems.
28. Basic programming design: Data structure and algorithm are the two main aspects of programming; it can generally be regarded as: program = algorithm + data structure.
29. Programming languages:
(1) Machine language: the only language that computer systems can recognize, requiring no translation.
(2) Assembly language: the symbolic representation of machine language.
(3) High-level language: greatly improves programming efficiency.
30. Machine language and assembly language are generally referred to as low-level languages.
31. High-level languages are divided into two categories: interpreted and compiled.
32. Interpreter: An interpreter accepts source programs written in a certain programming language (such as Basic) and interprets and executes each statement of the source program step by step, ultimately producing a result. The interpreter translates and executes the source program simultaneously, without generating a target program.
33. Compiler: A compiler is a translation program that translates a source program written in a high-level language into an equivalent target program represented in machine language; this translation process is called compilation.
34. The microprocessor (CPU) is a large-scale integrated circuit chip that integrates the arithmetic unit, controller, and high-speed internal cache, making it the most important core component of the computer.
35. A microcontroller integrates a microprocessor (CPU), a certain capacity of memory, and I/O interface circuits on one chip.
36. A single-board computer integrates a microprocessor, memory, and I/O interface circuits on a printed circuit board.
37. A PC (Personal Computer) is a microcomputer designed for single-user use, and it is currently the most widely used type of microcomputer.
38. A portable microcomputer generally includes laptops and personal digital assistants (PDAs).
39. The memory in a microcomputer generally refers to random access memory (RAM). The unit of main frequency is hertz (Hz).
40. Currently, commonly used memories include SDRAM and DDR SDRAM, as well as DDR II SDRAM, etc.
41. The floppy disk has a diameter of 3.5 inches and a capacity of 1.44 MB.
42. The floppy disk has a write protection hole; when the write protection hole is in the protected state (i.e., the write protection hole is open), information can only be read from the disk and cannot be written, which prevents data from being erased or rewritten and also prevents virus intrusion.
43. The bus in a microcomputer is generally divided into data bus, address bus, and control bus, which are used to transmit data, data addresses, and control signals, respectively.
44. The motherboard is the largest circuit board in a microcomputer system, sometimes referred to as the main board or system board, and is a large printed circuit board with various ports.
45. A computer with multimedia processing capabilities is called a multimedia computer. Multimedia is characterized by diversity, real-time, interactivity, and integration.
46. The development of computers:
(1) The first generation (1946-1957): vacuum tube computers, machine language, assembly language, scientific computing.
(2) The second generation (1958-1964): transistor computers, transistors, high-level programming languages, data processing.
(3) The third generation (1965-1970): integrated circuit computers, medium and small-scale integrated circuits, high-level programming languages, widely used in various fields.
(4) The fourth generation (1971-present): integrated circuit computers, object-oriented high-level languages, network era.
(5) The fifth generation: future computers, photons, quantum, DNA, etc.
47. The operating system has four main characteristics: 1) concurrency, 2) sharing, 3) virtualization, 4) asynchrony.
48. Concurrency refers to two or more running programs executing simultaneously within the same time interval. The operating system is a concurrent system.
49. Systems that adopt concurrent technology are also called multi-tasking systems.
50. File management mainly completes the following tasks: providing file logical organization methods, providing file physical organization methods, providing file access methods, providing file usage methods, implementing file directory management, implementing file access control, and implementing file storage space management.
51. Operating systems can generally be divided into three basic types: 1) batch processing systems; 2) time-sharing systems; 3) real-time systems.
52. With the development of computer science, many types of operating systems have emerged, mainly including embedded operating systems, personal operating systems, network operating systems, and distributed operating systems.
53. Batch processing operating systems work as follows: users submit jobs to the system operator, who groups many users’ jobs into a batch, which is then input into the computer, forming an automatically switched continuous job flow in the system. The operating system then automatically executes each job in turn, and finally, the operator hands the job results back to the users.
54. Time-sharing operating systems work as follows: a host connects several terminals, each with a user. Users interactively submit command requests to the system, which accepts each user’s command and processes service requests in a time-slicing manner, displaying results to users on the terminal.
55. A real-time operating system (RTOS) is one that allows a computer to respond promptly to external event requests and complete processing of that event within a specified strict time frame while coordinating the operation of all real-time devices and tasks.
56. An embedded operating system runs in an embedded system environment, coordinating, scheduling, directing, and controlling all components and resources of the embedded system.
57. Based on the number of users simultaneously using the computer, operating systems can also be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems.
58. A single-user operating system allows only one user to use the computer at the same time, with that user enjoying all hardware and software resources alone. If multiple users are allowed to use the computer simultaneously, it is called a multi-user operating system.
59. If a user can run multiple applications simultaneously (each application is called a task), such an operating system is called a multi-tasking operating system. If a user can only run one application at a time, the corresponding operating system is called a single-task operating system.
60. Early DOS operating systems were single-user single-task operating systems, while Windows XP is a single-user multi-tasking operating system.
61. A network operating system is based on computer networks and is software developed on various computer operating systems according to network architecture, protocols, and standards, including network management, communication, security, resource sharing, and various network applications, with the goal of facilitating communication and resource sharing.
62. A large number of computers connected through a network can achieve extremely high computational power and extensive data sharing, which is called a distributed system.
63. MS-DOS has a character-based user interface and operates and manages through command line, which is very inconvenient and requires users to memorize a large number of DOS commands.
64. The Unix operating system is a general-purpose, interactive time-sharing operating system.
65. The Mac OS operating system is developed by Apple and runs on Macintosh computers. Mac OS is the pioneer of graphical interface and operation.
66. The most popular versions of Windows XP are the Home Edition and the Professional Edition.
67. A shortcut is a file with the extension .lnk, typically associated with an application or document.
68. The minimum system requirements for Windows XP are:
(1) Recommended processor clock frequency of 300 MHz or higher; at least 233 MHz (single or dual processor systems) is required. It is recommended to use Intel Pentium/Celeron series, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron series, or compatible processors;
(2) Recommended 128 MB RAM or higher (minimum support 64 MB, which may affect performance and certain functions);
(3) 1.5 GB of available hard disk space;
(4) Super VGA (800×600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitor;
(5) CD-ROM or DVD drive;
(6) Keyboard and Microsoft mouse or compatible pointing device.
69. The windows in Windows are highly unified in appearance, style, and operation.
(1) Border (2) Title Bar (3) Menu Bar (4) Toolbar (5) Status Bar (6) Document View (7) Scroll Bar
70. A modal dialog box is one that prohibits interaction with the main program window while it is open; only by closing this dialog box can the main window be processed.
71. A non-modal dialog box is one that allows interaction with the main window even when the dialog box is displayed.
72. A file refers to a collection of related information stored on external storage.
73. A file can store a program, an article, a piece of music, a picture, etc.
74. Certain symbols such as /, \