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🔥 Content Introduction
The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of numerous energy-constrained sensor nodes, where the node batteries are often difficult to replace. Energy consumption balance and network lifetime have become core objectives in protocol design. The Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol, as the first energy consumption adaptive protocol based on clustering, breaks through the energy consumption bottleneck of traditional flat routing through dynamic cluster head election and data fusion mechanisms. However, its randomized design has defects such as uneven cluster head distribution and imbalanced energy consumption, leading to the derivation of improved protocols like LEACH-C (Centralized version) and LEACH-E (Energy-aware Enhanced version).
The evolution logic of the three protocols revolves around the core of “energy consumption adaptation”: from LEACH’s “probabilistic energy saving” to LEACH-C’s “centralized optimization”, and then to LEACH-E’s “dynamic energy awareness”, gradually achieving a transition from “empirical” to “precise” energy control, with core differences reflected in three dimensions: cluster head election, clustering strategy, and periodic scheduling.
II. Core Protocol Mechanism Analysis: The Path to Achieving Energy Consumption Adaptation
2.1 Basic Protocol: LEACH – The Pioneer of Distributed Probabilistic Clustering
LEACH is the first energy consumption adaptive protocol that combines “cluster routing” with “dynamic cluster heads”, achieving energy balance through a “round cycle” mechanism. Its core mechanism is as follows:
2.1.1 Round Dual-Phase Operating Mode
Each round is divided into cluster establishment phase (Setup Phase) and stable operation phase (Ready Phase), with the total duration of both phases constituting the round cycle, where the duration of the stable phase is usually 5-10 times that of the establishment phase to reduce clustering overhead.
- Cluster establishment phase: Completes cluster head election and cluster structure construction, taking a short time but concentrating energy consumption;
- Stable operation phase: Nodes within the cluster transmit data through TDMA time slots, and the cluster head fuses the data before uploading it to the base station, which is the core phase of data collection.
III. Multi-dimensional Performance Comparison: Quantitative Indicators and Scenario Adaptability
⛳️ Operating Results
🔗 References
[1] Ma Ge. Improvement of LEACH Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks [J]. Computer Knowledge and Technology, 2009(5X):3. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-3044.2009.14.037.
[2] Su Zhenzhen. Research and Improvement of Cluster-based Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocol [D]. Jilin University [2025-09-25]. DOI:CNKI:CDMD:2.1016.091881.
[3] Shi Weiren, Bai Dang, Gao Peng, et al. Adaptive Adjustment Routing Algorithm for Cluster Head Radius in Wireless Sensor Networks [J]. Journal of Instrumentation, 2012, 33(8):1779-1785. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0254-3087.2012.08.015.
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