01
1. Classify the following six shapes into two categories, ensuring that each category has its own common characteristics or rules. The correct classification is ( ).
A. ①②③, ④⑤⑥
B. ①③⑤, ②④⑥
C. ①④⑤, ②③⑥
D. ①⑤⑥, ②③④
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Answer: D
【Analysis】 The elements are composed differently, and there are no obvious attribute rules, so consider the quantity rule. It is observed that the shapes in the question are distinctly divided, considering the number of faces. Shapes ①, ⑤, and ⑥ each have 6 faces, while shapes ②, ③, and ④ each have 9 faces, thus forming one group with ①, ⑤, ⑥ and another group with ②, ③, ④. Therefore, the correct answer is D.
02
The connotation of social computing includes two aspects: one is the computation of society, and the other is the socialization of computation. The computation of society refers to tracking, retrieving, compiling, measuring, and calculating people’s social activities through the massive and interrelated data footprints left by people on the Internet. The socialization of computation refers to the environment and platform created by the Internet that allows people to widely participate in the computing process, thus achieving higher efficiency in data mining, analysis, and application. Based on the above definition, which of the following phenomena conforms to the socialization of computation? ( )
A. A shopping platform regularly recommends products to users based on their shopping experiences.
B. A mobile navigation software can automatically generate a travel map for users over the past month.
C. All classmates collaborated to create a beautiful album after a summer field survey.
D. Xiao Chen anonymously donated money on a crowdfunding platform, and the recipient came to deliver a thank-you letter.
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Answer: D
【Analysis】Step 1: Identify the key terms in the definition.
Computation of society: “massive and interrelated data footprints left by people on the Internet”, “tracking, retrieving, compiling, measuring, and calculating people’s social activities”; Socialization of computation: “the Internet creates an environment, a platform”, “people can widely participate”, “achieve higher efficiency”. Step 2: Analyze each option one by one.
A: The shopping platform recommends products based on users’ shopping experiences, which conforms to the definition of “tracking, retrieving, compiling, measuring, and calculating people’s social activities”, but does not conform to the definition of “socialization of computation”, so it is excluded;
B: The mobile navigation software can automatically generate a travel map for users, which conforms to the definition of “tracking, retrieving, compiling, measuring, and calculating people’s social activities”, but does not conform to the definition of “socialization of computation”, so it is excluded;
C: All classmates collaborated to create a beautiful album, which does not conform to “the Internet creates an environment, a platform”, nor does it conform to “massive and interrelated data footprints left by people on the Internet”, so it is excluded;
D: Xiao Chen anonymously donated money on a crowdfunding platform, where the crowdfunding platform conforms to “the Internet creates an environment, a platform”, and this method conforms to “people can widely participate”, “achieve higher efficiency”, thus it is selected. Therefore, the correct answer is D.
03
The sharp increase in carbon dioxide emissions has led to global warming, putting the glaciers in the Himalayas, where Mount Everest is located, at risk of rapid shrinkage. Research shows that the glaciers concentrated at altitudes between 5000 meters and 6000 meters on Everest are melting rapidly, and these areas will only see ice formation in winter, not in warmer seasons. Experts speculate that based on future climate change trends, the rate of glacier reduction in the Himalayas may accelerate, and if temperatures continue to rise as expected within this century, the glaciers in this region will eventually disappear.
If the following statements are true, which one most undermines the above argument? ( )
A. The glaciers in the Himalayas shrink by about 0.1% to 0.6% each year.
B. Glaciers in other areas of the Himalayas are not sensitive to temperature changes.
C. The glacier coverage around Everest has decreased by 33.3% over the past 50 years.
D. No rapid melting of glaciers has occurred in areas above 7000 meters on Mount Everest.
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Answer: B
【Analysis】 Step 1: Identify the argument and evidence. Argument: Based on future climate change trends, the rate of glacier reduction in the Himalayas may accelerate, and if temperatures continue to rise as expected within this century, the glaciers in this region will eventually disappear. Evidence: Rapid melting of glaciers concentrated at altitudes between 5000 meters and 6000 meters on Everest, where these areas will only see ice formation in winter, not in warmer seasons. The argument states that the glaciers in the Himalayas will disappear, and the evidence is based on the rapid melting of glaciers at altitudes between 5000 meters and 6000 meters on Everest. To negate the argument, one can provide evidence that glaciers outside the 5000-6000 meter range will not melt, thus negating the argument through the method of not being able to infer the whole from the part. Step 2: Analyze each option one by one.
A: This option states that the glaciers in the Himalayas shrink each year, which reinforces the argument, so it is excluded;
B: This option states that glaciers in other areas of the Himalayas are not sensitive to temperature changes, indicating that glaciers outside the 5000-6000 meter range will not be affected by temperature, thus showing that the evidence cannot lead to the conclusion, making it a valid choice;
C: This option states that the glacier coverage around Everest has decreased, which reinforces the argument, so it is excluded;
D: This option states that no rapid melting has occurred above 7000 meters, which provides a counterexample but is less effective than B, so it is excluded. Therefore, the correct answer is B.
04
Seeming motion refers to the phenomenon where, under certain time and space conditions, people see motion between stationary objects, or see continuous motion in places without continuous displacement. Based on the above definition, which of the following options does not belong to the phenomenon of seeming motion? ( )
A. The green mountains on both sides appear to emerge.
B. Sitting on the ground, the sun travels 80,000 miles a day.
C. The county town floats in front of the shore, waves rolling in the distant sky.
D. The bright moon is affectionate, following people everywhere.
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Answer: B
【Analysis】 Step 1: Identify the key terms in the definition. “Under certain time and space conditions”, “people see motion between stationary objects”, “or see continuous motion in places without continuous displacement”. Step 2: Analyze each option one by one.
A: “The green mountains on both sides appear to emerge” means that the green mountains on both sides seem to welcome you, one after another. The green mountains are stationary objects, but the author sees their motion, which conforms to the definition, so it is excluded;
B: “Sitting on the ground, the sun travels 80,000 miles a day” means that people live on Earth, and due to the Earth’s rotation, they unknowingly travel 80,000 miles a day. According to scientific theory, when we are near the equator, even if we remain stationary, we will still move 80,000 miles a day, meaning that people do not move and cannot see motion. Therefore, it does not conform to the definition, making it the correct choice;
C: “The county town floats in front of the shore, waves rolling in the distant sky” means that the distant city seems to float on the water, and the sky seems to sway. However, in reality, the city does not move, nor does the sky float, which conforms to the definition, so it is excluded;
D: “The bright moon is affectionate, following people everywhere” means that the moon is so affectionate that it accompanies you wherever you go. However, we cannot see the moon itself moving with the naked eye, so it conforms to the definition, so it is excluded. Therefore, the correct answer is B.
05
Elements refer to more than a hundred basic metallic and non-metallic substances in nature, composed of a single type of atom, each nucleus of which has the same number of protons, and cannot be decomposed by general chemical methods, and can constitute all matter. Atoms are the basic particles that cannot be further divided in chemical reactions, but can be divided in physical states, consisting of atomic nuclei and electrons moving around the nucleus. Molecules are composed of atoms and are the smallest particles that can exist independently while maintaining chemical properties. Based on the above definition, which of the following options is correct? ( )
A. Atoms are the smallest particles that constitute matter.
B. Air is composed of various tiny atoms.
C. Atoms with different numbers of protons are not the same type of element.
D. A carbon monoxide molecule (CO) is composed of one oxygen element and one carbon element.
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Answer: C
【Analysis】 Step 1: Identify the key terms in the definition.
“Elements refer to more than a hundred basic metallic and non-metallic substances in nature”, “elements are composed of a single type of atom, each nucleus has the same number of protons”, “atoms cannot be decomposed by general chemical methods and can constitute all matter”, “atoms are the basic particles that cannot be further divided in chemical reactions, but can be divided in physical states, consisting of atomic nuclei and electrons moving around the nucleus”, “molecules are composed of atoms and are the smallest particles that can exist independently while maintaining chemical properties”. Step 2: Analyze each option one by one.
A: Atoms are the smallest particles that constitute matter, which does not conform to “can be divided in physical states”, so it is excluded;
B: Air is a mixture and cannot be composed of tiny atoms, so it is excluded;
C: Atoms with different numbers of protons are not the same type of element, which conforms to “elements are composed of a single type of atom, each nucleus has the same number of protons”, so it is selected;
D: This option does not conform to “molecules are composed of atoms and are the smallest particles that can exist independently while maintaining chemical properties”; a carbon monoxide molecule (CO) should be composed of one oxygen atom and one carbon atom, so it is excluded. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
06
Hydrological rhythm refers to the periodic and rhythmic changes in lake water conditions. Broadly, hydrological rhythm includes diurnal, lunar, seasonal, and interannual rhythms. Under normal circumstances, due to the stability of factors such as watershed climate and underlying surface, the average water level of lakes tends to stabilize at a normal annual average water level. Therefore, the interannual rhythm of lakes is characterized by abrupt changes driven by disturbance factors and stability after adapting to disturbances, without a gradual trend; while the diurnal rhythm has a weak impact on the ecosystem. Thus, the narrow sense of hydrological rhythm specifically refers to lunar and seasonal rhythms.
Based on the above definition, which of the following involves the narrow sense of hydrological rhythm? ( )
A. Poyang Lake is continuously shrinking due to the dual impact of reduced rainfall and inflow.
B. Hongze Lake has a historical average water temperature of 16.3°C, with the highest water temperature in September and the lowest in January.
C. Dongting Lake had a total annual precipitation of 1560 mm last year, with 4-6 months accounting for about half of the annual total.
D. The Chaohu Basin has an average annual temperature stable between 15-16°C, with more than 200 frost-free days.
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Answer: B
【Analysis】 Step 1: Identify the key terms in the definition.Hydrological rhythm: “periodic and rhythmic changes in lake water conditions”; Broadly, hydrological rhythm: “diurnal, lunar, seasonal, and interannual rhythms”; Narrowly, hydrological rhythm: “lunar and seasonal rhythms”. (Note: Hydrological conditions refer to the status, characteristics, and geographical significance of rivers and lakes, such as flow, water level, flow rate, water temperature, and ice conditions.) This question requires selecting options that conform to the narrow sense of hydrological rhythm. Step 2: Analyze each option one by one.
A: Poyang Lake is continuously shrinking, indicating a continuous decrease without periodic changes, so it is excluded;
B: Hongze Lake has a historical average highest water temperature in September and lowest in January, indicating different water temperatures in different months and seasons, and it is based on historical data, conforming to “periodic and rhythmic changes in lake water conditions”, thus it is selected (hydrological conditions refer to the status, characteristics, and geographical significance of rivers and lakes, such as flow, water level, flow rate, water temperature, and ice conditions, and water temperature is one of the basic items in hydrological testing);
C: This option only provides the annual precipitation of Dongting Lake last year without reflecting “periodic and rhythmic changes”, so it is excluded;
D: The average temperature in the Chaohu Basin is stable between 15-16°C, with more than 200 frost-free days, which refers to temperature changes in the area where the lake flows, not changes in lake water conditions, so it is excluded. Therefore, the correct answer is B.
07
Dentists first remove the decayed parts of the teeth when treating cavities, and then fill the material to repair the damaged tooth. However, 10% to 15% of fillings fail, and the materials used do not have the ability to self-heal the teeth and may even have side effects. In light of this, researchers have developed a filling material made from synthetic biological materials that can stimulate the growth of stem cells in the dental pulp to repair damaged areas. This filling material can stimulate the proliferation of stem cells and differentiate into dentin. If future fillings are made from such regenerative materials, it will reduce the failure rate of fillings and alleviate the suffering of cavity patients during dental pulp treatment.From this, it can be concluded that ( ).
A. In the future, people will no longer suffer from cavities.
B. In the future, people will no longer be troubled by cavities.
C. The newly developed filling material can stimulate the self-healing of damaged teeth.
D. The newly developed filling material can promote the growth of dentin.
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Answer: C
【Analysis】 This is a conclusion question. Analyze each option based on the information provided in the question.
A: According to the last sentence, future fillings will reduce the failure rate and alleviate the suffering of cavity patients, but it does not mention whether people will still suffer from cavities, so it cannot be concluded, so it is excluded;
B: The text states that future fillings will reduce the suffering of cavity patients, but it does not mention whether people will still be troubled by cavities, so it cannot be concluded, so it is excluded;
C: According to the third sentence, the newly developed filling material can stimulate the growth of stem cells in the dental pulp to repair damaged areas, so it can be concluded that the newly developed filling material can stimulate the self-healing of damaged teeth, thus it is selected;
D: According to the fourth sentence, the newly developed filling material can stimulate the proliferation of stem cells and differentiate into dentin, but it does not mean “promote the growth of dentin”; “differentiation” does not mean “growth”, which is a conceptual shift, so it is excluded. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
08
Rational expectations refer to the idea that when making expectations about an economic phenomenon, if people are rational, they will make the most of the information available to them to act without making systematic errors. Based on the above definition, which of the following belongs to rational expectations? ( )
A. A branch of the provincial hospital opened, and Xiao Chen opened a fruit store nearby.
B. Lao Qin learned that a certain policy is about to be implemented and made stock operations based on his long-term experience in stock trading.
C. There are rumors that a key middle school branch will be built in the south of the city, and Lao Liu immediately bought a house nearby.
D. Xiao Zhang learned that his college entrance examination score ranked twentieth in the province and decisively decided to apply to Tsinghua University as his first choice.
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Answer: A
【Analysis】 Step 1: Identify the key terms in the definition.“Making expectations about an economic phenomenon”, “people are rational”, “they will make the most of the information available to them to act without making systematic errors”. Step 2: Analyze each option one by one.
A: People often choose fruit as a gift when visiting patients in the hospital, so the opening of the hospital will increase the demand for fruit, making Xiao Chen’s decision to open a fruit store nearby rational, thus it is selected;
B: The implementation of the policy may affect stocks, but Lao Qin’s decision based on his long-term experience does not guarantee that his judgment is rational, so it does not conform to the definition, so it is excluded;
C: The construction of a key middle school branch may affect the nearby housing prices, but since the news is a rumor, the truth of the rumor is uncertain, so Lao Liu’s decision to buy a house nearby is not clearly rational, so it is excluded;
D: Xiao Zhang’s decision to apply to Tsinghua University based on his college entrance examination score does not conform to “making expectations about an economic phenomenon”, so it is excluded. Therefore, the correct answer is A.
09
Researchers have discovered algorithm errors in commonly used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) software. They collected results from 499 healthy individuals at rest and found that the statistical methods need to be validated with real cases. This means that the software can sometimes be grossly incorrect, showing activity even when the brain is at rest—indicating that the activity displayed by the software is a product of the software’s algorithms, not a reflection of the brain being truly active.Which of the following, if true, most supports the above conclusion? ( )
A. Research conclusions can be obtained through fMRI data and compiled through relevant programs.
B. fMRI can capture changes in brain blood flow but cannot effectively show whether the brain is active.
C. The false positive rate of the fMRI software currently used for diagnosing brain function exceeds 70%.
D. Only 30% of the results obtained from fMRI software undergo verification tests and further confirmation.
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Answer: C
【Analysis】 Step 1: Identify the argument and evidence. Argument: The software can sometimes be grossly incorrect, showing activity even when the brain is at rest—indicating that the activity displayed by the software is a product of the software’s algorithms, not a reflection of the brain being truly active. Evidence: Results collected from 499 healthy individuals at rest indicate that the statistical methods need to be validated with real cases. Step 2: Analyze each option one by one.
A: This option states that research conclusions can be obtained through this technology, which does not strengthen the argument, so it is excluded;
B: This option states that fMRI can capture changes in brain blood flow but cannot effectively show whether the brain is active, indicating that the fMRI software indeed has issues, thus it is retained;
C: This option states that the false positive rate of the fMRI software exceeds 70%, indicating a high error rate in conclusions, thus supporting the argument that the software can be grossly incorrect, so it is retained;
D: This option discusses whether the results obtained from the software undergo verification tests, which does not strengthen the argument, so it is excluded. Comparing options B and C, while B can prove that the software has issues, it does not indicate how severe the issues are, whereas C clearly states that the false positive rate is high, thus more strongly supporting the argument that the software can be grossly incorrect. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
10
The accelerated expansion of the universe is due to the mutual repulsion between matter, while the decelerated expansion is due to the mutual attraction between matter. Therefore, to explain the accelerated or decelerated expansion of the universe, different types of matter must dominate at different times, producing strong repulsive or attractive forces. All particles in the particle physics standard model produce attractive gravitational forces; however, research on galaxy rotation curves indicates that there is a large amount of invisible matter within galaxies that can produce very strong attractive gravitational forces.If the above argument is true, what premise is implied by the research conclusions on galaxy rotation curves? ( )
A. The attractive gravitational forces produced by all particles in the particle physics standard model are insufficient.
B. The particles in the particle physics standard model are not unique; there are other particles.
C. The research on galaxy rotation curves indicates that the universe is currently undergoing accelerated expansion.
D. The research on galaxy rotation curves indicates the existence of supermassive, invisible black holes.
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Answer: A
【Analysis】 Step 1: Identify the argument and evidence. Argument: There is a large amount of invisible matter within galaxies that can produce very strong attractive gravitational forces. Evidence: None. Step 2: Analyze each option one by one.
A: The background clearly states that to explain the accelerated or decelerated expansion of the universe, different types of matter must dominate at different times, producing strong repulsive or attractive forces. Since all particles in the particle physics standard model can produce attractive forces, only if their attractive forces are insufficient would there be a need for other matter with strong attractive forces, making this option a necessary condition for the argument to hold, thus it is selected;
B: The uniqueness of particles is irrelevant to the argument about attractive gravitational forces, so it is excluded;
C: The research on galaxy rotation curves should indicate that the universe is currently undergoing decelerated expansion, which contradicts the known information, so it is excluded;
D: The argument and evidence do not mention black holes, so this option is irrelevant and is excluded. Therefore, the correct answer is A.