The following is a classification and organization of vulnerabilities in the HTTP/HTTPS protocols based on the perspectives of black box testing、white box testing and gray box testing:
1. Black Box Testing (External Perspective, No Internal Access)
Definition: Simulates the attacker’s perspective, testing only through external network interfaces without relying on internal system code or configuration information.
Check Content and Tools:
| Vulnerability Type | Testing Method |
|---|---|
| Plaintext Transmission | Check if the URL is <span>HTTPS</span> (indicated in the browser address bar), use <span>nmap</span> to scan ports (80/443). |
| Man-in-the-Middle Attack Risk | Verify certificate validity (browser warnings, <span>openssl s_client -connect</span>), check for support of weak protocols (SSLv3/TLS 1.0). |
| Weak Encryption Algorithms | Use external tools for scanning (e.g., Qualys SSL Labs, <span>testssl.sh</span>). |
| Mixed Content | Check the browser console for <span>Mixed Content</span> warnings. |
| Missing HSTS | Check if the response header contains <span>Strict-Transport-Security</span>. |
| Clickjacking | Check if <span>X-Frame-Options</span> or <span>Content-Security-Policy</span> headers are missing. |
| Certificate Issues | Verify if the certificate is expired, and if it is issued by a trusted CA (e.g., browser prompts, <span>certbot</span> checks). |
| Protocol Downgrade Attack | Force the client to use a lower version of the protocol (e.g., TLS 1.0) and observe if it succeeds. |
Tools:
-
Scanning Tools: Nmap, Wireshark, Burp Suite, ZAP
-
Online Services: Qualys SSL Labs, Security Headers
-
Command Line Tools: cURL, OpenSSL
Usage examples:
Below is a detailed usage method and common scenario examples for <span>openssl s_client -connect</span>:
Basic Syntax
openssl s_client -connect <host>:<port> [options]-
<span><host></span>: Target server domain name or IP. -
<span><port></span>: Target port (e.g., HTTPS default 443).
Common Options and Examples
1. Basic Connection Test
Check if the server SSL/TLS handshake is successful:
openssl s_client -connect www.example.com:443Output Focus Points:
-
Certificate Chain (
<span>Certificate chain</span>) -
Protocol Version (
<span>Protocol</span>) -
Cipher Suite (
<span>Cipher</span>) -
Certificate Verification Result (
<span>Verify return code</span>).
2. Display Full Certificate Chain
Use <span>-showcerts</span> to display all certificates returned by the server:
openssl s_client -connect www.example.com:443 -showcertsPurpose: Check if intermediate certificates are missing.
3. Specify Protocol Version
Test if the server supports a specific TLS version:
-
TLS 1.2:
openssl s_client -connect www.example.com:443 -tls1_2-
TLS 1.3:
openssl s_client -connect www.example.com:443 -tls1_3Purpose: Verify if old protocols (e.g., SSLv3, TLS 1.0/1.1) have been disabled.
4. Check Cipher Suite
Test if the server supports a specific cipher suite:
openssl s_client -connect www.example.com:443 -cipher 'ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256'Purpose: Verify if weak cipher suites (e.g., RC4, DES) have been disabled.
5. Verify Certificate Status
Enable OCSP stapling check:
openssl s_client -connect www.example.com:443 -statusOutput Focus Points:
-
If it shows
<span>OCSP Response Status: successful</span>, it indicates that the server has enabled OCSP stapling.
6. Debug Handshake Process
Display detailed protocol interaction information:
openssl s_client -connect www.example.com:443 -msgPurpose: Diagnose reasons for handshake failures (e.g., protocol or suite mismatches).
7. Specify CA Certificate
Use a custom CA certificate to verify the server certificate:
openssl s_client -connect internal.example.com:443 -CAfile /path/to/custom-ca.crtPurpose: Test self-signed certificates or certificates issued by private CAs.
8. Test STARTTLS
Check services that support STARTTLS (e.g., SMTP, IMAP):
openssl s_client -connect smtp.example.com:587 -starttls smtpSupported Protocols: <span>smtp</span>, <span>pop3</span>, <span>imap</span>, <span>ftp</span>, <span>xmpp</span>, etc.
9. Save Output to File
Save complete handshake information for later analysis:
openssl s_client -connect www.example.com:443 > ssl_output.txt 2>&1Common Issue Diagnosis
1. Certificate Verification Failed (<span>Verify return code: 20</span>)
-
Reason: Incomplete certificate chain or root certificate not trusted.
-
Solution:
-
Use
<span>-showcerts</span>to check for missing intermediate certificates. -
Update the system’s CA certificate bundle (e.g.,
<span>/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt</span>).
2. Handshake Failed (<span>SSL handshake failed</span>)
-
Reason: Protocol/suite incompatibility.
-
Solution:
-
Specify protocol version (e.g.,
<span>-tls1_2</span>). -
Check the supported cipher suites on the server (e.g.,
<span>nmap --script ssl-enum-ciphers</span>).
3. OCSP Stapling Not Enabled
-
Phenomenon:
<span>OCSP response: no response sent</span>. -
Solution: Enable OCSP stapling in the server configuration.
Summary
<span>openssl s_client</span> is a powerful tool for diagnosing SSL/TLS connection issues, allowing for quick verification of:
-
Certificate validity
-
Protocol and cipher suite configuration
-
OCSP stapling status
-
STARTTLS support
Combined with tools like <span>Qualys SSL Labs</span> or <span>testssl.sh</span>, it can provide a more comprehensive assessment of server security.
──(kali㉿kali)-[~]
└─$ openssl s_client -connect www.example.com:443
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, OU = www.digicert.com, CN = DigiCert Global Root G3
verify return:1
depth=1 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert Global G3 TLS ECC SHA384 2020 CA1
verify return:1
depth=0 C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, CN = *.example.com
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, CN = *.example.com
i:C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert Global G3 TLS ECC SHA384 2020 CA1
a:PKEY: id-ecPublicKey, 256 (bit); sigalg: ecdsa-with-SHA384
v:NotBefore: Jan 15 00:00:00 2025 GMT; NotAfter: Jan 15 23:59:59 2026 GMT
1 s:C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert Global G3 TLS ECC SHA384 2020 CA1
i:C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, OU = www.digicert.com, CN = DigiCert Global Root G3
a:PKEY: id-ecPublicKey, 384 (bit); sigalg: ecdsa-with-SHA384
v:NotBefore: Apr 14 00:00:00 2021 GMT; NotAfter: Apr 13 23:59:59 2031 GMT
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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=
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, CN = *.example.com
issuer=C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert Global G3 TLS ECC SHA384 2020 CA1
---
No client certificate CA names sent
Peer signing digest: SHA256
Peer signature type: ECDSA
Server Temp Key: X25519, 253 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 2721 bytes and written 527 bytes
Verification: OK
---
New, TLSv1.3, Cipher is TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
Server public key is 256 bit
This TLS version forbids renegotiation.
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
Early data was not sent
Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
---
Post-Handshake New Session Ticket arrived:
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1.3
Cipher : TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
Session-ID: B667D0D7FBE3CB0B344723BD54B83C4DBA42099A01C511C0975BB822DE984A35
Session-ID-ctx:
Resumption PSK: E8E7C460F7AEDCD81CE282E7B66E417125D4D16C8A95FDBF10B7EA89513E45358C7BD18D2C1176E9AA4B39CB76E45AA6
PSK identity: None
PSK identity hint: None
SRP username: None
TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 83100 (seconds)
TLS session ticket:
0000 - 00 02 0d ff 0f 94 9b 68-8e 82 0b 5f b3 a8 f9 8f .......h..._....
0010 - 9d 2e c9 51 de 0e 7a 85-a4 ca db 03 59 4d 21 91 ...Q..z.....YM!.
0020 - ce 14 af 4f 24 04 22 9b-36 71 4a ba e1 38 00 45 ...O$.".6qJ..8.E
0030 - 5c 71 a3 96 b1 c3 07 ff-aa bc cb 2a 64 cf 2b 6f \q.........*d.+o
0040 - 62 94 2c 0b cd 42 a2 16-fb 0b 25 5c a3 ec ca 01 b.,..B....%\....
0050 - 26 b0 91 cc 5d 5f 03 7f-53 10 cd 8f 5c e1 66 0f &...]_..S...\.f.
0060 - c6 ae 26 27 0c 08 db f2-5c 89 62 17 c7 ed b3 6e ..&'....\.b....n
0070 - f1 d4 78 bc de 64 70 c5-4e 94 7a 32 4f 04 7d a7 ..x..dp.N.z2O.}.
0080 - ef d3 f4 be 08 81 f6 c3-4d 0f 5b 90 db 69 fc 80 ........M.[..i..
0090 - d2 01 65 f9 0f 04 17 39-1c 57 5f 53 26 e1 eb 6d ..e....9.W_S..m
00a0 - 1d ab e5 84 1a dc 1f 71-b7 9a f0 34 cb f8 e1 62 .......q...4...b
00b0 - 7d 6b bc bc 95 85 38 0f-29 e4 32 b1 30 eb 34 bd }k....8.).2.0.4.
00c0 - 73 f2 61 3c 4c 25 cb 3f-39 14 0d d3 57 1d 75 96 s.a<l%.?9...w.u. (ok)="" (sec)="" (seconds)="" -="" ---="" ..%....ye..6.\.="" .......h..._....="" ......bvf._....1="" ....[c...="" ....j.="" ....r..="" ....}j="" ...1....(yoo.gu?="" ..b.i...t="" ..e...n....n;...="" ..h.ik.....?mu.)="" 0="" 00="" 0000="" 0010="" 0020="" 0030="" 0040="" 0050="" 0060="" 0070="" 0080="" 0090="" 00a0="" 00d0="" 02="" 04="" 07="" 09="" 0a="" 0b="" 0cbfd7057a1ba6558a401ce0bfdf61a3ce10f18a6c6d280216145c3dd015013d="" 0d="" 0e="" 0f="" 15="" 16="" 1744474086="" 1a="" 1a-ce="" 1c="" 1f="" 1f-28="" 20="" 20-43="" 25="" 28-d1="" 29="" 30="" 31="" 36="" 37="" 38="" 3b="" 3d="" 3f="" 42="" 43="" 45="" 47="" 48="" 49="" 4a="" 4b="" 4d="" 4e="" 4f="" 50="" 55="" 59-65="" 5b="" 5c="" 5d="" 5f="" 66="" 68-8e="" 69="" 6a="" 6c="" 6d="" 6e="" 6f="" 72="" 7200="" 74="" 75="" 76-66="" 79="" 7d="" 7e="" 80e92267c3706765491f575841adb11480b63abbece1b504bccb8f02d5fa5902fbd49f6f48dbb6f41981901aa71b1ed0="" 82="" 83100="" 84="" 86="" 89="" 8c="" 8e="" 8f="" 90="" 94="" 94-83="" 95="" 96="" 98="" 99="" 9a="" 9b="" 9b-a2="" 9c-54="" 9d="" 9e="" 9f="" :="" a0="" a3-9c="" a4="" a6="" a8="" ac="" ae="" af="" arrived:="" b1="" b3="" b4="" b8="" b9="" bb="" bc="" bf="" block="" c...f~}7="" c3="" c4="" c6="" cb="" cc="" cf="" cipher="" closed<="" code="" code:="" d1="" d4="" d6="" d7="" d9="" da="" data:="" db="" dd="" de="" df="" e0="" e3="" e4="" e5="" e6="" e9="" early="" eb="" ed="" extended="" f0="" f2="" f4="" f5="" f7="" f8="" f9="" fc-de="" ff="" hint:="" identity="" identity:="" l.l].8..........="" lifetime="" master="" max="" new="" no="" none="" pk.lm~o(..i.....="" post-handshake="" protocol="" psk="" psk:="" r="" read="" resumption="" return="" secret:="" session="" session-id-ctx:="" session-id:="" srp="" ssl-session:="" start="" ticket="" ticket:="" time:="" timeout="" tls="" tls_aes_256_gcm_sha384="" tlsv1.3="" username:="" verify=""></l%.?9...w.u.>Below is a detailed usage method for <span>testssl.sh</span>, covering installation, basic operations, advanced testing, and result analysis:
1. Installation and Preparation
1. Installation Method
-
Kali Linux (pre-installed):
testssl.sh https://example.com-
Other Systems (manual installation):
git clone https://github.com/drwetter/testssl.sh.git
cd testssl.sh
chmod +x testssl.sh2. Dependencies
-
Ensure the system has installed:
-
<span>openssl</span>(core dependency) -
<span>bash</span>4.0+ -
<span>curl</span>(optional, for online certificate checks)
2. Basic Usage
1. Basic Scan
Perform a comprehensive check on the target domain/IP:
./testssl.sh example.com2. Specify Port
Check services on non-standard ports (e.g., 8443):
./testssl.sh example.com:84433. Quick Scan
Skip time-consuming tests (e.g., certificate revocation checks):
./testssl.sh --fast example.com3. Common Parameters
| Parameter | Purpose |
|---|---|
<span>-p</span> |
Test only protocol support (e.g., TLS 1.2/1.3). |
<span>-E</span> |
Test only cipher suites. |
<span>-S</span> |
Hide detailed output, only show summary. |
<span>--ip <IP></span> |
Specify target IP (bypass DNS resolution). |
<span>--starttls <protocol></span> |
Test STARTTLS protocol (e.g., smtp, imap). |
<span>--jsonfile <path></span> |
Output JSON format report (suitable for automated analysis). |
<span>--log</span> |
Generate log file (default saved to <span>~/.testssl/logs</span>). |
<span>--warnings <level></span> |
Control warning display (<span>off</span>/<span>batch</span>/<span>normal</span>). |
4. Advanced Testing Scenarios
1. Vulnerability Specific Testing
-
Heartbleed Vulnerability:
./testssl.sh --heartbleed example.com-
POODLE (SSLv3 Vulnerability):
./testssl.sh --poodle example.com2. Batch Testing
Scan multiple targets (file <span>targets.txt</span> with one address per line):
./testssl.sh --file targets.txt3. Integration with Enterprise Toolsets
Output JSON report for SIEM analysis:
./testssl.sh --jsonfile report.json example.com5. Result Interpretation Examples
1. Protocol Support
Testing protocols via sockets except NPN+ALPN
SSLv2 not offered (OK)
SSLv3 not offered (OK)
TLS 1 not offered
TLS 1.1 not offered
TLS 1.2 offered (OK)
TLS 1.3 offered (OK): final-
Conclusion: SSLv2/3 and TLS 1.0/1.1 have been disabled, meeting security standards.
2. Cipher Suite Detection
Hexcode Cipher Suite Name (IANA/RFC) KeyExch. Encryption Bits Cipher Suite Name (OpenSSL)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x1302 TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 ECDH 253 AESGCM 256 TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
x1303 TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 ECDH 253 ChaCha20 256 TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256
x1301 TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 ECDH 253 AESGCM 128 TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 -
Conclusion: Only strong cipher suites (AES-GCM, ChaCha20) supported for TLS 1.3.
3. Certificate Issues
Certificate Validity (UTC) >=60d (Warn) <=825d (ok) expires in 825d (2025-01-15 23:59:59)-
Risk: Certificate validity period is too long (over 825 days), recommended to shorten to within 1 year.
6. Remediation Suggestions
1. Protocol and Suite Issues
-
Disable Weak Protocols: If SSLv3/TLS 1.0 is detected, configure the server to enable only TLS 1.2+.
-
Optimize Cipher Suites: Prefer forward secrecy suites (e.g.,
<span>ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384</span>).
2. Certificate Management
-
Shorten Validity Period: Use Let’s Encrypt for automatic renewal (90 days validity).
-
Enable OCSP Stapling: Reduce certificate revocation check delays.
3. Security Hardening
-
Configure HSTS: Add
<span>Strict-Transport-Security</span>response header. -
Enable HTTP/2: Improve performance through ALPN negotiation.
7. Notes
-
Permission Issues:
-
Directly scanning port 443 may require
<span>sudo</span>(not mandatory).
False Positive Handling:
-
If vulnerabilities are falsely reported (e.g., false positive for Heartbleed), check if the server’s OpenSSL version has been patched.
Performance Impact:
-
Comprehensive scans may take a long time; it is recommended to perform them during off-peak hours in production environments.
With <span>testssl.sh</span>, you can quickly locate TLS/SSL configuration vulnerabilities, and combined with remediation suggestions, significantly enhance server security. Regular scans (e.g., monthly) and keeping the tool updated (<span>git pull</span>) are recommended.
2. White Box Testing (Internal Perspective, Code/Configuration Access)
Definition: Analyze potential vulnerabilities based on internal code, configuration files, and logs, requiring system administrator or developer permissions.
Check Content and Tools:
| Vulnerability Type | Testing Method |
|---|---|
| Weak Encryption Algorithms | Check server configuration files (e.g., Nginx/Apache’s <span>ssl_ciphers</span>), disable weak cipher suites. |
| Session Cookie Security | Code audit: Check if cookies are set with <span>Secure</span>, <span>HttpOnly</span>, and <span>SameSite</span> attributes. |
| Certificate Management | Verify the storage location and permission settings of the certificate private key (e.g., whether the private key is accidentally exposed). |
| HSTS Configuration | Check if the server is configured with <span>Strict-Transport-Security</span> header and its parameters (<span>max-age</span>, <span>preload</span>). |
| Missing Security Headers | Check in code or configuration files for <span>Content-Security-Policy</span>, <span>X-XSS-Protection</span>, and other response headers. |
| Mixed Content Issues | Code audit: Check if static resource links enforce HTTPS. |
| Log Leakage of Sensitive Information | Analyze log files for sensitive data (e.g., passwords, cookies). |
Tools:
-
Configuration Check: SSH login to the server to view Nginx/Apache configuration
-
Code Audit: IDE search for keywords (e.g.,
<span>setCookie</span>), Git repository scanning -
Automation Tools: TruffleHog (detect key leaks), Bandit (Python code audit)
3. Gray Box Testing (Mixed Perspective, Partial Internal Information)
Definition: Combine partial internal information (e.g., logs, configuration snippets), but do not fully rely on code or administrator permissions.
Check Content and Tools:
| Vulnerability Type | Testing Method |
|---|---|
| Man-in-the-Middle Attack Risk | Analyze logs for abnormal connections (e.g., numerous TLS handshake failure records). |
| Protocol Downgrade Attack | Verify if old protocols are disabled using partial configuration information (e.g., check supported TLS versions on the server). |
| Certificate Revocation Status | Use <span>openssl</span> to check if OCSP Stapling is enabled (requires partial server configuration permissions). |
| Mixed Content Issues | Verify resource loading policies through partial code snippets or build tool configurations. |
| Clickjacking | Analyze risks of frame embedding using partial response header information (e.g., <span>X-Frame-Options</span>) and page content. |
| HSTS Preload | Verify if the domain has been submitted to the HSTS Preload List. |
Tools:
-
Log Analysis: ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana), Splunk
-
Configuration Snippet Analysis: Ansible/Puppet configuration file snippets
-
Mixed Tools: Postman (custom request header testing), browser developer tools (network panel analysis)
4. Summary and Scenario Recommendations
-
Black Box Testing:
-
Applicable Scenarios: Penetration testing, external security assessments.
-
Goal: Simulate real attacker behavior to discover exposed vulnerabilities.
White Box Testing:
-
Applicable Scenarios: Code audits, internal security hardening.
-
Goal: Fix configuration errors or code defects from the root.
Gray Box Testing:
-
Applicable Scenarios: Daily inspections by operations teams, vulnerability analysis combined with partial logs.
-
Goal: Quickly locate known risk points, balancing efficiency and depth.
By combining the three testing methods, comprehensive coverage of security risks in HTTP/HTTPS protocols can be achieved, enhancing overall protection capabilities.