Although parallel structures are infrequently tested in the civil service exam, they offer high value for their cost. They may involve some logical connectors or logical errors related to translation reasoning, which requires us to spend some time mastering!The characteristics, problem-solving approaches, and techniques for parallel structures are as follows:【Characteristics】The question format generally asks, which of the following reasoning structures is the same as the above reasoning structure?【Problem-Solving Approach】First, extract the logical form of the question stem, then analyze the logical forms of the options, and find the consistent one.【Problem-Solving Techniques】1. Replace a subject with a letter, use arrows to represent relationships, and clarify the logical form of the question stem.2. Remember the rules related to translation reasoning, as detailed in the article link below:Mastering the Logic Judgment Module of the Civil Service Exam – Understanding the Potential Reasoning Rules of Translation【Common Types】1. Propositional Structure: This type of question will feature logical connectors from translation reasoning. When answering, you need to translate first, then analyze the reasoning, and finally choose the option that is consistent with the question stem.【Example】Students from normal universities come from all over the country; University A is a normal university, so students from University A come from all over the country.
Which of the following options has a logical error most similar to the above reasoning?
A. Cows are not carnivorous, and lions are not cows, so lions are not carnivorous.
B. Children of parents who love reading enjoy sports; Xiao Huang enjoys sports, so Xiao Huang’s parents love reading.
C. Privately donated teaching buildings are spread across universities nationwide, let alone the Yifu Building donated by Mr. Shao Yifu.
D. Civilized drivers yield to pedestrians; some public drivers yield to pedestrians, so some public drivers are civilized drivers.
【Solution Process】Analyze and then reason. Replace the subject in the question stem with a letter: “Students from normal universities” is A, “come from all over the country” is B, “students from University A” is C, so the reasoning structure of the question stem is A→B, C→A, thus C→B.
Analyze each option:
A option: “Cows” is A, “not carnivorous” is B, “lions” is C, thus A→B, C→¬A, so C→B, eliminate.
B option: “Parents who love reading” is A, “children enjoy sports” is B, “Xiao Huang” is C, thus A→B, C→B, so C→A, eliminate.
C option can be translated as “The Yifu Building donated by Mr. Shao Yifu is a privately donated teaching building, so the Yifu Building is spread across universities nationwide.” “Privately donated teaching buildings” is A, “spread across universities nationwide” is B, “the Yifu Building donated by Mr. Shao Yifu” is C, thus A→B, C→A, so C→B, which is consistent with the question stem.
D option: “Civilized drivers” is A, “yielding to pedestrians” is B, “some public drivers” is C, thus A→B, C→B, so C→A, eliminate.
2. Argumentation Methods: The three commonly tested types are deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and analogical reasoning.(1) Deductive Reasoning: A method of reasoning from the general to the specific.(2) Inductive Reasoning: Divided into complete inductive reasoning and incomplete inductive reasoning.Complete Inductive Reasoning: A method of reasoning from the whole to the general.Incomplete Inductive Reasoning: A method of reasoning from part to general.(3) Analogical Reasoning: A method of reasoning from specific to specific.【Example】A certain criminal anthropologist examined the appearances of 260 murderers and found that they share some common physiological features, thus concluding that “murderers have characteristics such as broad jaws, prominent cheekbones, and short black hair.”Which of the following is similar to the above reasoning method?A. There are no prime numbers between 24 and 28.B. On the fifteenth of August, the moon is obscured by clouds; on the fifteenth of January, snow hits the lights.C. Plant seeds treated with ultrasound can increase yield, so corn seeds treated with ultrasound can also increase yield.D. A certain university concluded that “the students of our school generally have a good learning attitude” after surveying all students.【Solution Process】The question stem is an individual (part) to general reasoning, which is incomplete inductive reasoning.A option is from whole to general, which is complete inductive reasoning.B option is an empirical summary, part to general, which is incomplete inductive reasoning, thus fits.C option is from general to individual, which is deductive reasoning.D option is from whole to general, which is complete inductive reasoning.3. Logical Errors:(1) Conceptual Substitution: Replacing one concept with another different concept.(2) Self-Contradiction: Errors that contradict each other in speech or behavior.(3) Answering Irrelevantly: The answer does not correspond to the content of the question.【Example】A: This novel is so wonderful; which character do you like the most? B: I am not interested in the novel; I haven’t read it.Which of the following dialogues is most similar to the above dialogue?
A. Teacher: If you don’t study hard, how can you get into your ideal university?
Student: My ideal university is too difficult to get into; even if I try hard, I might not get in.
B. Employee A: Which parts of the general manager’s speech do you agree with?
Employee B: I agree with everything in the general manager’s speech; I will do my best to implement the requirements in the speech.
C. Child: Dad, is swimming in summer better for exercising, or swimming in winter better for exercising?
Father: Swimming is a very good way to exercise; swimming at any time is beneficial.
D. Merchant: Is the refrigerator you bought from our store last month working well?
Customer: You might be mistaken; I bought a washing machine from your store last month.
【Solution Process】In the question stem, B denies A’s presupposed question.
A option: The teacher believes that getting into an ideal university → effort, the student believes that effort might not guarantee admission, thus no conclusion, eliminate.
B option: A asks which parts are agreed upon, B answers all agree, answering irrelevantly, does not deny the presupposition, not selected.
C option: Asking whether summer or winter is better, the father answers that both are fine, answering irrelevantly, does not deny the presupposition, not selected.
D option: Asking about the refrigerator, answering about the washing machine denies the presupposition about the refrigerator, thus fits, selected.
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