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1IIC
IIC (Inter-Integrated Circuit) bus is a two-wire serial bus developed by PHILIPS for connecting microcontrollers and their peripheral devices. The I2C bus transmits information between the bus and devices using two lines (SDA and SCL), allowing for serial communication between microcontrollers and external devices, or bidirectional data transfer between master and slave devices. I2C is an open-drain output, and most I2C implementations are two-wire (clock and data), typically used to transmit control signals.
2IIS
I2S (Inter-IC Sound Bus) is a bus standard established by Philips for audio data transmission between digital audio devices. I2S has three main signals: 1. Serial clock SCLK, also known as bit clock, corresponds to each bit of digital audio data, with one pulse for SCLK. 2. Frame clock LRCK, used to switch between left and right channel data. LRCK being “1” indicates that left channel data is being transmitted, and “0” indicates right channel data. 3. Serial data SDATA, which represents audio data in binary two’s complement. Sometimes, to better synchronize between systems, an additional signal MCLK, known as the master clock or system clock, is also transmitted.
3SPI
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) is a serial peripheral interface defined first by Motorola in its MC68HCXX series processors. The SPI interface is primarily used between EEPROM, FLASH, real-time clocks, analog-to-digital converters, and between digital signal processors and digital signal decoders. The SPI interface operates in a master-slave manner, typically involving one master device and one or more slave devices, with the following four signal lines: (1) MOSI – Master Out Slave In (data output from the master, input to the slave) (2) MISO – Master In Slave Out (data input to the master, output from the slave) (3) SCLK – Clock signal generated by the master device (4) /SS – Slave Select signal controlled by the master device.
4UART
UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) converts parallel data sent from a computer into a serial data stream for output. It converts serial data coming from outside the computer into bytes for use by internal devices that utilize parallel data. The output serial data stream includes parity bits, and performs parity checking on data received from external sources. Start and stop markers are added to the output data stream, while these markers are removed from the received data stream. It can handle interrupt signals generated by devices such as keyboards or mice (which are also serial devices). Some advanced UARTs provide input and output data buffers. Common signals include TXD, RXD, /RTS, and /CTS.
5JTAG
JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) is an international standard testing protocol (IEEE1149.1 compatible), primarily used for internal chip testing. The standard JTAG interface consists of four lines: TMS, TCK, TDI, TDO, which are mode select, clock, data input, and data output lines, respectively. The test reset signal (TRST, generally active low) is usually an optional fifth signal. A CPU with a JTAG Debug interface module can access the internal registers of the CPU and devices connected to the CPU bus, such as FLASH, RAM, and registers of built-in modules like UART, Timers, GPIO, etc., as long as the clock is functioning normally.
6CAN
CAN stands for “Controller Area Network,” and is one of the most widely used field buses internationally. Initially, CAN was designed for microcontroller communications in automotive environments, exchanging information between various electronic control units (ECUs) in vehicles, forming an automotive electronic control network. For example, the engine management system, transmission controller, instrument equipment, and electronic backbone system all embed CAN control devices. A single network composed of CAN bus theoretically can connect countless nodes. In practical applications, the number of nodes is limited by the electrical characteristics of the network hardware. For instance, when using the Philips P82C250 as a CAN transceiver, up to 110 nodes are allowed on the same network. CAN can provide data transmission rates of up to 1Mbit/s, making real-time control very feasible. Additionally, the hardware’s error detection features enhance CAN’s resistance to electromagnetic interference.
7SDIO
SDIO is an extension interface of the SD type, which can connect not only SD cards but also devices that support the SDIO interface; the port’s use is not limited to inserting storage cards. Devices such as PDAs and laptops that support the SDIO interface can connect to GPS receivers, Wi-Fi or Bluetooth adapters, modems, LAN adapters, barcode readers, FM radios, TV receivers, RFID readers, or digital cameras that use the SD standard interface.
8GPIO
GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) or bus extenders simplify the expansion of I/O ports using industrial standard I²C, SMBus™, or SPI™ interfaces. When a microcontroller or chipset lacks sufficient I/O ports, or when the system requires remote serial communication or control, GPIO products can provide additional control and monitoring capabilities. Each GPIO port can be individually configured as input or output through software.
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