【Introduction】The following information is sourced from online searches and does not represent my personal experience with all of these systems. The comments are summarized from various online forums and are for reference only. Senior experts should be mindful of their wording when sharing insights. Recently, many comments on the article about Linus developing Linux have been automatically filtered by the platform. Those who understand know that some topics cannot be discussed, especially negative comments that may be automatically blocked.Back to the main topic, as of September 2025, mainstream domestic Linux systems have formed a product matrix covering all scenarios including desktops, servers, and industrial control. Most of the following information comes from the official websites of these systems and some scattered information from forums. The rankings are not in any particular order,the following rankings are not in any particular order,the following rankings are not in any particular order, important things are worth repeating three times::1. KylinOS (银河麒麟)Positioning: A national-level secure operating system developed by the National University of Defense Technology, focusing on high-security scenarios such as government, military, and finance.Core Advantages: Security protection, certified by the Level 4 of the Multi-Level Protection Scheme, supports Mandatory Access Control (MAC) and Trusted Computing Module (TCM), capable of defending against APT attacks.Domestic Adaptation: Fully compatible with domestic chips such as Loongson 3A5000 and Phytium S2500, with performance loss below 5%, certified with over 2000 domestic software including DM Database and Kingsoft WPS.Technical Breakthrough: The V11 version released in 2025 uses the Linux 6.6 kernel, pioneering the “Rock Solid Architecture” to decouple the system from applications, supporting local inference of AI large models, reducing real-time response latency by 35%.Disadvantages (again, based on online evaluations, for reference only): Weak professional software ecosystem, tools like AutoCAD need to run through a virtual machine (efficiency drops by 40%), low community code contribution.Reported application scenarios (can anyone in these industries confirm?): Over 50% of provincial-level e-government platforms nationwide (e.g., Guangdong Province’s “Digital Government”), replacing IBM AIX architecture in state-owned banks’ core systems, supporting daily transaction volumes in the hundreds of millions, command and control systems in the military sector, achieving localized data storage and transmission.2. UnionTech OS (统信 UOS)Positioning: A general-purpose system for government and enterprise, optimized based on Deepin, primarily targeting Windows migration compatibility.Core Advantages: User-friendly design, Windows-like taskbar and touch gesture operations, integrated application store with over 5000 software (including WeChat and DingTalk), compatible with Office 2016 and other Windows software through Deepin-Wine (85% compatibility).Multi-Platform Support: Compatible with x86, ARM, and LoongArch architectures, with installed base exceeding 50 million by 2025. How is this counted? Is it by download? If so, I just downloaded it, does that count too?Industry Adaptation: Optimized for scenarios like medical HIS systems and manufacturing ERP, running SAP systems through containerization, reducing licensing costs by 70%.Disadvantages (again, based on online evaluations, for reference only): High memory usage in Wine environment (30% more than native applications), weak graphics rendering performance on Loongson platform (notable drop in 3D frame rates).Typical Scenarios: Medical record management systems in top-tier hospitals, compliant with the encryption requirements of the “Medical Data Security Law”, replacement of office terminals for small and medium enterprises, supporting the reuse of domestic hardware (e.g., Zhaoxin CPU), deployment in educational institutions’ computer labs, replacing Windows XP to save on licensing fees.3. Deepin (深度Deepin) (the most memorable thing is the founder’s resignation statement from a few years ago, which said, “I accompanied clients for drinks at night, drank three rounds, vomited countless times, and when I really couldn’t drink anymore, I still had to down it in one go,” which can be verified; if interested, you can gossip about it)Positioning: A community-driven desktop operating system, with user experience as its core competitive advantage.Core Advantages: Design aesthetics, DDE desktop won the Red Dot Design Award, supports global dark mode, dynamic wallpapers, and touchpad gestures similar to macOS.Ecological Innovation: Compatible with Android applications through the Anbox engine (can run Douyin, Alipay), independently developed Deepin Music, Deepin Cinema, and other alternative tools.International Expansion: Supports 42 languages, with overseas community contributors accounting for 35%, the 2025 version adds AI assistant and code completion features.Disadvantages (again, based on online evaluations, for reference only): Stability in production environments is weaker than commercial versions (e.g., UnionTech UOS), some professional development tools require manual compilation.Typical Scenarios: Replacing Windows XP in university computer labs to save on licensing fees, developer workstations, achieving a 20% improvement in compilation efficiency with WSLg for Linux/Windows mixed development, daily office and entertainment for personal users, especially suitable for scenarios with high aesthetic requirements.4. OpenEuler (openEuler) (please refrain from commenting unless you are extremely experienced, those who understand know)Positioning: An open-source enterprise-level server operating system led by Huawei, focusing on cloud computing and distributed architecture.Core Advantages: Performance optimization, kernel optimized for Kunpeng CPU, MySQL performance improved by 25% compared to CentOS, AI training task time reduced by 18%.Cloud-Native Ecosystem: Integrates tools like KubeEdge and Kubernetes, supports deployment of K8s clusters with tens of thousands of nodes, resource utilization increased from 60% to 85%.Security Features: Provides StratoVirt lightweight virtual machines (boot time < 100ms), supports hot patch updates and kernel-level vulnerability protection.Disadvantages (again, based on online evaluations, for reference only): Documentation for command-line management tools is incomplete, relying on Prometheus + Grafana for secondary development of monitoring systems.Typical Scenarios: Cloud service providers building hybrid cloud clusters with tens of thousands of nodes, provincial government cloud platforms replacing VMware, achieving complete replacement of domestic technology stacks, distributed core systems in the financial industry, supporting low-latency processing of daily transactions in the hundreds of millions.5. Anolis OS (龙蜥操作系统)Positioning: A cloud operating system led by Alibaba Cloud, positioned as the first choice to replace CentOS.Core Advantages: Compatibility, 100% compatible with CentOS 8 software ecosystem, providing 10 years of long-term support (LTS), low migration costs.Cloud-Native Optimization: Integrates technologies like PouchContainer and Dragonfly, reducing container startup time by 30%, compatible with all Alibaba Cloud products.Elastic Scalability: Supports hybrid cloud deployment, with over 50% market share in finance and telecommunications.Disadvantages (again, based on online evaluations, for reference only): Weak compatibility with non-Alibaba Cloud hardware, some features depend on specific cloud services.Typical Scenarios: Internet companies replacing CentOS to ensure business continuity, edge computing scenarios, small and medium enterprises moving to the cloud, providing low-cost, high-reliability cloud infrastructure.6. Zhongke Fangde (中科方德) (forgive me, I had never heard of this system before searching)Positioning: A professional system for government and enterprise, focusing on seamless compatibility with Windows applications.Core Advantages: Technological innovation, natively supports both Linux and Windows applications on the same kernel, can directly run .exe files (e.g., AutoCAD, industry-specific software).Security Compliance: Certified by Level 3 of the Multi-Level Protection Scheme, supports domestic chips (e.g., Loongson, Phytium), adapted to the needs of government offices.Disadvantages (again, based on online evaluations, for reference only): Weak graphics performance (e.g., 30% drop in 3D modeling efficiency), low community ecosystem activity.Typical Scenarios: CAD drawing processing in design institutes, running Windows version AutoCAD without a virtual machine, replacing Windows in tax systems to meet 100% localization requirements, customized business systems for specific industries (e.g., electricity, transportation).7. ZTE NewStart OS (中兴新支点) (also never heard of it, feeling ashamed)Positioning: An operating system for industrial and embedded fields, focusing on real-time performance and multi-architecture support.Core Advantages: Industrial-grade stability, kernel response latency < 1ms, certified by IEC61508 SIL3, supports hot patch updates (no need to restart to fix vulnerabilities).Multi-Platform Adaptation: Covers x86, ARM, MIPS, and RISC-V architectures, providing customized BSP development services (hardware adaptation completed in as little as 2 weeks).Disadvantages (again, based on online evaluations, for reference only): Simple desktop experience (default XFCE), weak office software ecosystem (WPS needs manual compilation).Typical Scenarios: Real-time scheduling in high-speed rail control systems, temperature control systems in 5G base stations, achieving microsecond-level response latency, data collection in smart factory production lines.8. Red Flag Linux (红旗Linux) (I heard about this a long time ago, so names are important!)Positioning: An established domestic system, focusing on government and education markets.Core Advantages: Stability, based on CentOS/RHEL technology, compatible with domestic hardware (e.g., Loongson 3A5000), providing long-term maintenance support.Education Scenario Optimization: The Red Flag Education Edition includes an electronic classroom system, supporting one-click broadcasting of screens and student behavior management by teachers.Disadvantages (again, based on online evaluations, for reference only): Weak market presence, community activity lower than UnionTech / Kylin, slow updates to application ecosystem.Typical Scenarios: Replacing Windows in primary and secondary school computer labs, pre-installed Green Dam to filter inappropriate content, local government OA systems, meeting basic requirements for domestic replacement.The following summary of applicable scenarios is derived from AI:
- KylinOS (Level 4 certification, military/finance) Smooth migration from Windows
- UnionTech UOS (interface adaptation + deep compatibility) Personal users/developers
- Deepin (design aesthetics + open-source ecosystem) Cloud computing/big data
- OpenEuler/AnolisOS (performance optimization + cloud-native support) Industrial control/edge computing
- ZTE NewStart (real-time performance + multi-architecture) Strong dependency on Windows applications
- Zhongke Fangde (native compatibility with .exe) Education/basic office
- Red Flag Linux (stability + education scenario adaptation)
【Conclusion】Regardless of the circumstances, one fact remains: domestic operating systems have transitioned from being “usable” to “user-friendly”, achieving large-scale replacements in key areas while accelerating market share through open-source ecosystems and technological innovation.