In chip manufacturing, there is an “invisible hero”—without it, multi-layer metal circuits would resemble “uneven mountain roads,” making precise lithography impossible, and achieving 7nm or 5nm processes would be a fantasy. This hero isChemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP), which can control the surface undulations of silicon wafers within 50Å (0.005μm), achieving true “global flattening.” Today, we … Read more
1. Introduction and Research Background Importance of Full-Welded Ball Valves: Widely used in long-distance pipelines and critical devices in the oil, natural gas, and chemical industries, their safety, sealing, and durability are crucial. Once welding defects occur in the valve body, catastrophic consequences may ensue. Challenges in Welding Processes: Welding is a complex transient process … Read more
1. Read Single-Ended S4P and Plot Graph filename = 'data.s4p';backplane = sparameters(filename); % Read S4P file data = backplane.Parameters; % Read S-parameter matrix data freq = backplane.Frequencies; % Read frequency points z0 = backplane.Impedance; % Read characteristic impedance % IQS parameters s11_iq = squeeze(data(1,1,:)); % S11 s12_iq = squeeze(data(1,2,:)); % S12 s13_iq = squeeze(data(1,3,:)); % … Read more
1. The touch screen interface is divided into “Automatic Page”, “Manual Page”, “I/O Monitoring”, “Process Parameters”, “System Parameters”, and “Password Modification”.2. Introduction to the Automatic Page,with page switch buttons at the bottom and initialization, start, stop, and pause buttons on the right side. The top displays the recipe number and recipe name, while the middle … Read more
1. What is the Normal Operating Range (NOR), and how should it be presented in marketing authorization application documents? Answer: NOR is not a defined ICH term.NOR describes a region around the target operating conditions that encompasses normal operational variability (i.e., variability that cannot always be controlled). Multiple process parameters of the same process step … Read more