UART, SPI, I2C and other serial communications are very common methods in embedded development. The underlying communication principles are not difficult, but many beginners struggle to learn them. Today, I will share some common underlying data transmission principles of communication. 1UART Serial Port UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter. The UART serial port is the most common … Read more
What is covered? Introduction to SPI Protocol 4-Wire or 3-Wire? 4 Operating Modes Multiple Transmission Rates Timing of SPI Protocol Upgraded SPI Protocol FPGA Implementation of SPI Protocol Comparison of SPI and IIC Conclusion Introduction to SPI Protocol The three most commonly used serial communication protocols between different chips on a board are UART, I2C, … Read more
Electronic products, such as computers, mice, chargers, and even cars, have many interfaces around us. This article will introduce you to these interfaces, what they look like, where they are used, how to use them, and their principles. This article serves as a simple description for beginners. 1. Serial Port 2. UART 3. TTL Level … Read more
These animated GIFs displaying signal waveforms in electronic systems help us understand the mechanisms of signal transmission. 1 SPI Transmission ▲ Figure 1 SPI Data Transmission ▲ Figure 1.2 SPI Data Transmission (2) ▲ Figure 1.3 SPI Timing Signal 2 I²C Transmission ▲ Figure 1.2.1 I2C Bus and Addressing Method 3 UART Transmission ▲ Figure … Read more
Search on WeChat Technical Training The following animations displaying signal waveforms in electronic systems help us understand the principles of transmission. Sharing with everyone. 1. SPI Transmission ▲ Figure 1 SPI Output Transmission ▲ Figure 2 SPI Data Transmission (2) ▲ Figure 3 SPI Timing Signal 2. I2C Transmission ▲ Figure 4 I2C Bus and … Read more
When connecting a microcontroller to sensors, displays, or other modules, have you ever considered how the two devices communicate? What exactly are they saying? How can they understand each other? Communication between electronic devices is like communication between humans; both parties need to speak the same language. In electronics, these languages are called communication protocols. … Read more
In the previous section (HG533 Router Analysis Tutorial: Finding Hardware Debug Interface), we analyzed the hardware structure of the PCB and discovered a UART interface. Through this interface, we achieved a Linux shell management interface. In this section, we will use the methods proposed in the last section to access the device and further debug … Read more
When it comes to microcontrollers (MCUs), the first thing that comes to mind is that they have many input/output (I/O) ports, which can be difficult to distinguish. As the core of embedded systems, they can communicate with external devices or sensors. However, the presence of I/O ports often makes learning challenging for many people. This … Read more
Click the blue text to follow us 1. Overview of Microcontroller Serial Expansion The methods for implementing microcontroller serial expansion include commonly used serial bus standards such as: I2C bus, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), and Universal Serial Bus (USB). This chapter will focus on the I2C bus. 1. Implementation through dedicated serial standard bus (1) … Read more
1. Introduction In electronic circuit design, there might be a situation where the microcontroller has no DAC resources and no spare PWM ports available. The only remaining option is a UART. So how can we output an analog voltage through this port? By using the microcontroller’s port, we can output a square wave signal with … Read more