Why is the BLE protocol stack layered? How to understand BLE “connection”? What would happen if the BLE protocol only had the ATT layer and no GATT layer? 1. Protocol Stack Framework Generally speaking, we refer to the implementation code of a protocol as a protocol stack. The BLE protocol stack is the code that … Read more
1. Introduction Through the introduction of “Bluetooth Protocol Analysis – Protocol Architecture”, everyone should have a simple understanding of the Bluetooth protocol stack, but there is certainly still a feeling of “half-understanding, half-uncertain”. It’s perfectly normal to have this feeling, as the Bluetooth protocol is a long-standing and relatively large protocol that is not easy … Read more
Overview of Bluetooth Low Energy Testing Requirements Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) devices use a total of 40 channels, including 3 advertising channels (37, 38, 39) and 37 data packet transmission channels (1 to 36). The Link Layer data packet consists of four parts, as shown in the figure below: After the design of the Bluetooth … Read more
Author: Yoshihide Goto, Akihisa Kumaki, Takashi Nakano | Anritsu 1. Introduction Bluetooth technology is widely used in short-range wireless devices such as headphones, speakers, smartwatches, etc. Since the first standard was established in 1998, the application range of Bluetooth has continuously expanded, not only including data transmission but also developing applications such as distance detection … Read more
By integrating Mesh and Beacon application technologies, the application prospects of BLE technology are vast. Learn more about Murata’s MBN52832 Bluetooth® Low Energy module, which offers high energy efficiency options for your IoT products. Bluetooth Low Energy technology allows battery-powered products to have longer operational times Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth® Low Energy, also known as … Read more
Bluetooth beacon technology is rapidly developing, providing various “proximity aware applications” for consumers, businesses, and industrial environments. However, Bluetooth beacon standards are not set by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (Bluetooth SIG); they are referred to as “PseudoStandards,” which are led by large vendors or corporate groups, proposing Bluetooth application specifications for a wide range … Read more
Smartphones are ubiquitous, but today, Internet of Things (IoT) devices may be more common than smartphones, and many of these devices operate using Bluetooth Low Energy ( BLE ) technology. Whether you are an engineer specializing in IoT, exploring IoT product development opportunities, or simply interested in how IoT works, understanding BLE can be immensely … Read more
Btlejack provides everything you need to sniff, interfere with, and hijack low energy Bluetooth devices. It relies on one or more BBC Micro:Bits running dedicated firmware. You may also want to use Adafruit’s Bluefruit LE Sniffer or the nRF51822 evaluation kit, as we have added support for these devices. The current version of the tool … Read more
Click the blue text Follow us The Bluetooth Low Energy protocol, due to its numerous advantages in power consumption, cost, and popularity, provides a wide application foundation for interconnecting IoT devices and is rapidly gaining traction. Compared to other wireless connection solutions, an increasing number of IoT devices are connecting based on the Bluetooth Low … Read more
Profibus Wiring Whether forming an MPI or a PROFIBUS-DP network, the main components used are the same: PROFIBUS cable: There are various cable models, among which the most basic is the PROFIBUS FC (Fast Connect) standard cable (order number 6XV1 830-0EH10). PROFIBUS network connectors: There are also various forms of network connectors, such as different … Read more