Whether studying microcontrollers in school or in job postings, the development of microcontrollers is referred to as embedded, such as embedded systems, embedded software, and hardware engineers, etc. But why is it called embedded? This has always been a point of confusion, so today we will explore this peculiar term “embedded”.1. What is embedded?The official explanation:It is a form of computer application, usually referring to a microprocessor system embedded in a host device.The key point it emphasizes is: the computer does not exist to express itself, but rather assists the host device it resides in, making the host device’s functions intelligent and networked.To understand it in simpler terms: a company can be seen as a whole system, where each employee depends on the company, handling their own responsibilities, and the end result is a stronger company that successfully goes public. Each employee can be considered a small “embedded system”.
An embedded system is adedicated computer system designed and integrated into a larger device or system to perform specific functions. It is not a general-purpose device like your personal computer or smartphone, but rather hidden within other products or devices, providing intelligent control and core functionalities.
2. Key characteristics of embedded systems:
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1.Specialization:
- This is the core feature. Embedded systems are designed to perform one or a set of specific tasks.
- Examples: Control systems in microwaves (specifically controlling heating time and power); anti-lock braking systems in cars (specifically handling braking); step counting and heart rate monitoring systems in smartwatches; network data packet forwarding systems in routers.
2.Integration/Concealment:
- It is embedded within a larger mechanical device, electronic device, or mechatronic device, as an inseparable part. Users typically interact with the entire device (such as a car, washing machine, or television), rather than the embedded computer itself.
3.Real-time capability:
- Many embedded systems need to respond to and process external events within strict time constraints. This is particularly important for safety-critical systems (such as automotive controls and medical devices).
- Examples: Airbags must deploy within milliseconds of a collision; industrial robots must coordinate movements precisely.
4. Resource constraints:
- Compared to general-purpose computers (PCs, servers), embedded systems typically have stricter limitations on cost, power consumption, size, weight, memory, and computing power.
- Design must be highly optimized within these constraints.
5.Hardware foundation:
- The core is usually a microcontroller or microprocessor. Microcontrollers are more common as they integrate the processor core, memory (RAM/ROM/Flash), and various input/output interfaces on a single chip.
- The hardware platform is customized based on specific application requirements, containing only the necessary components (such as sensors, actuators, communication interfaces, etc.).
6.Software foundation:
- Runs embedded software, which typically directly interacts with hardware resources.
- Software can be simple loop programs, interrupt-based programs, or run on a real-time operating system (RTOS) to manage multitasking, scheduling, and resources.
- Software size and complexity are strictly limited by hardware resources.
7.Reliability:
- Embedded systems often need to operate stably for long periods (sometimes years) and function normally in harsh environments (high temperatures, low temperatures, vibrations, electromagnetic interference).
3. What are the application areas of embedded systems?
- 1.Consumer electronics: Smart phones, smart TVs, set-top boxes, game consoles, digital cameras, wearable devices, smart home appliances.2. Automotive: Engine control units, anti-lock braking systems, airbags, infotainment systems, advanced driver-assistance systems, electric vehicle controls.3.Industrial control: Robots, CNC machine tools, PLCs, industrial automation equipment, process control.
- 4.Medical devices: Pacemakers, blood glucose meters, monitors, medical imaging equipment.5. Network communication: Routers, switches, modems, base station equipment.6.Aerospace: Flight control systems, navigation systems, satellite systems.
- 7.Internet of Things: The vast majority of IoT nodes and devices are based on embedded systems (smart sensors, smart switches, etc.).
- Home appliances: Control panels and logic for washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, and microwaves.
In summary:
Embedded systems are dedicated computer systems customized for specific applications, deeply integrated into host devices, and operate under resource constraints. They serve as the “brain” and “nervous system” of modern intelligent devices and industrial systems, enabling these devices to become intelligent, automated, and interconnected.