Truth and falsehood reasoning often appears as the first question in the Civil Service Exam, and many people consider giving up on it. However, this type of question is highly skill-based, and with the right techniques and practice, it can be easily tackled! The commonly tested aspects of truth and falsehood reasoning include contradictory and opposing relationships, which is why they are often compared and organized together! The specifics are as follows:【Characteristics of Truth and Falsehood Reasoning】 The statements in truth and falsehood reasoning questions contain several assertions, with question formats that include truth and falsehood limitations, such as: only one is true, only one is false, multiple truths and falsehoods, etc.【Problem-Solving Approach】 Identify the contradictory or opposing relationships in the assertions, determine the truth or falsehood of the remaining assertions based on the conditions specified in the question stem, and find the information related to the question format. In simple terms, it is “find the relationship – look at the rest”.【Concept of Contradictory Relationships】 If one proposition is true, then the other must be false; if one is false, then the other must be true.【Commonly Tested Contradictory Relationships】1. “A” and “¬A“2. “All A are B” and “Some A are not B”3. “No A are B” and “Some A are B”4. “A→B” and “A and ¬B”5. “A and B” and “¬A or ¬B”6. “A or B” and “¬A and ¬B”【Example】 A swimming team in a province underwent a month-long high-altitude training, and on the last day of training, all members took an internal test. Several coaches made predictions about the athletes’ results:Coach Zhang said: The training time is short, and no one will meet the standard.Coach Sun said: Some athletes will meet the standard.Coach Wang said: The provincial championship winner or national team members can meet the standard.
After the test, only one coach’s prediction was correct, from which we can conclude:
A. No one met the standard
B. The whole team met the standard
C. National team members did not meet the standard
D. The provincial championship winner met the standard
【Solution Process】First, find the relationship, the question presents a contradictory relationship, based on commonly tested contradictory relationship 3, Coach Zhang and Coach Sun’s statements are contradictory, so one must be true and the other false. Next, look at the rest, thus determining Coach Wang’s statement is false, which means “the provincial championship winner and national team members all met the standard”, hence the answer is C.【Concept of Opposing Relationships】 If two statements are both “all”, at least one must be false; if two statements are both “some”, at least one must be true.【Commonly Tested Opposing Relationships】1. “All A are B” and “All A are not B”2. “Some A are B” and “Some A are not B”【Example】 After the training of new employees in a company, three training supervisors discussed how many trainees could not pass the training assessment, and the dialogue went as follows:
Supervisor A: Some trainees can pass the assessment.
Supervisor B: Some trainees cannot pass the assessment.
Supervisor C: One trainee cannot pass the assessment.
If only one of them is telling the truth, then:
A. All trainees failed the assessment
B. One trainee did not pass the assessment
C. All trainees passed the assessment
D. Only some trainees passed the assessment
【Solution Process】First, find the relationship, Supervisor A and Supervisor B’s statements are opposing, based on commonly tested opposing relationship 2, two “some” must have one true. Next, look at the rest,Supervisor C’s statement must be false. Supervisor C’s contradictory topic is true, based on commonly tested contradictory relationship 1, thus concluding “one trainee can pass the assessment” → “some trainees can pass the assessment”, hence determining Supervisor A is true, Supervisor B is false. Therefore, Supervisor B’s contradictory proposition is true, leading to the conclusion that “all trainees can pass the assessment”, the answer is C.
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