“
Corrector: TinyCorrect v0.1 – [codeblock pangu]Author: Kepontry [email protected]: 2022/12/28Revisor: Falcon [email protected], Wang Liming [email protected]: RISC-V Linux Kernel AnalysisProposal: Embedded Linux System for RISC-VSponsor: PLCT Lab, ISCAS
”
This week continues the series of articles on embedded RISC-V Linux. Remember to bookmark, share, and follow; write articles to receive subsidies: gitee.com/tinylab/riscv-linux
The activity uniformly uses the self-developed Linux Lab open-source experimental environment from Tai Xiao Community, and you can also choose the plug-and-play Linux Lab Disk (https://tinylab.org/linux-lab-disk), which can be found by searching for “泰晓 Linux” on Taobao.Linux Lab v1.1 Inside —— Kernel development has never been this easy!
Building QEMU and Nezha Development Board System Image with Buildroot
Introduction
Buildroot is a simple, efficient, and easy-to-use embedded Linux system generation tool. Utilizing a cross-compilation toolchain, it can complete rootfs generation, kernel image compilation, and bootloader compilation. Like kernel compilation, it also supports configuration methods such as menuconfig, gconfig, and xconfig. Buildroot supports thousands of packages, and ideally, it usually takes 15-30 minutes to complete the build, but it took me an hour in actual use.
Environment Setup
Starting Ubuntu 20.04 with Docker
Docker is a lightweight container that simplifies configuration and unifies environments. Execute the following commands to quickly set up the Ubuntu 20.04 environment. Note that after installing Docker, you should give the current user (non-root user) permission to use Docker to avoid starting Docker with root privileges.
# Add the current user to the docker group, after setting up, you need to log in again
$ sudo usermod -aG docker username
# Set the current user's new initial group to docker
$ newgrp docker
# Pull the ubuntu20.04 image
$ docker pull ubuntu:20.04
# Start the image, using the -d parameter to run the container in the background
$ docker run -itd --name ubuntu-2004 ubuntu:20.04 /bin/bash
# Enter the container
$ docker exec -it ubuntu-2004 /bin/bash
Changing System Image Sources
The default image source for Ubuntu is not very friendly to domestic users, and the software package download speed is slow. Here we switch to Alibaba Cloud’s source and execute the following commands in the container to write the new image source. Finally, execute the apt-get update command to get the latest package list.
$ echo "deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse" >/etc/apt/sources.list
Installing Necessary Software
Next, install some necessary packages, such as version control software git and the compilation tool library build-essential. Since Buildroot’s Makefile has dependency checking functionality, the remaining packages can be supplemented according to the error messages from the make command.
# Package installation
$ apt-get install git build-essential tree file wget cpio unzip rsync bc
Getting Buildroot Source Code
Then use the git command to clone the latest version of the source code from the official repository, specifying --depth=1 to avoid downloading historical commit records, thus reducing the download size. If the development board model is not the latest, you can download a stable version of Buildroot.
# Getting source code
$ cd /home
$ git clone git://git.buildroot.net/buildroot --depth=1
$ cd buildroot
Introduction to Buildroot Directory Structure
The directory structure of Buildroot is as follows, and the configuration files following the make command are stored in the configs directory. In addition, two directories will be added after compilation: dl and output. The dl directory is used to store the downloaded software source code packages during the build process for later use. The output directory stores the generated image files and intermediate files produced during the build process.
$ tree -L 1
.
|-- CHANGES
|-- COPYING
|-- Config.in
|-- Config.in.legacy
|-- DEVELOPERS
|-- Makefile # Build script
|-- Makefile.legacy
|-- README
|-- arch # Architecture-related configuration scripts, such as arm/mips/x86/riscv
|-- board # Contains configuration patches for various development boards
|-- boot # Various boot software
|-- configs # Configuration files for various development boards
|-- docs # Reference documents
|-- fs # Source code for various filesystems
|-- linux # Automatic build script for the Linux kernel
|-- package # Contains configuration files and build scripts for each software package
|-- support # Support software that may be used during the build
|-- system # Configuration and build scripts for the root directory, the skeleton directory contains the skeleton of the root directory
|-- toolchain # Scripts for building toolchains
|-- utils # Some tool software
Building QEMU-Based RISCV64 Virtual Environment
QEMU is a high-performance emulator that can simulate the hardware of any instruction set using dynamic code translation mechanisms and execute software programs on it. Next, we will build the system image on QEMU-RISCV64 and start it using QEMU.
Generating Config Configuration File
Use the make qemu_riscv64_virt_defconfig command to generate the .config file in the current directory, which includes the configuration parameters for compiling the system image. This is equivalent to using the make menuconfig command to configure and save the .config file in the graphical interface. The construction of the system image directly uses the configuration option files pre-written by the development board manufacturer and does not require manual configuration.
$ make qemu_riscv64_virt_defconfig
mkdir -p /home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-config/lxdialog
PKG_CONFIG_PATH="" make CC="/usr/bin/gcc" HOSTCC="/usr/bin/gcc"
obj=/home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-config -C support/kconfig -f Makefile.br conf
make[1]: Entering directory '/home/buildroot/support/kconfig'
/usr/bin/gcc -DCURSES_LOC="<curses.h>" -DLOCALE -I/home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-config -DCONFIG_="" -MM *.c > /home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-config/.depend 2>/dev/null || :
/usr/bin/gcc -DCURSES_LOC="<curses.h>" -DLOCALE -I/home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-config -DCONFIG_="" -c conf.c -o /home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-config/conf.o
/usr/bin/gcc -DCURSES_LOC="<curses.h>" -DLOCALE -I/home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-config -DCONFIG_="" /home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-config/conf.o /home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-config/zconf.tab.o -o /home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-config/conf
rm /home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-config/zconf.tab.c
make[1]: Leaving directory '/home/buildroot/support/kconfig'
#
# configuration written to /home/buildroot/.config
#
Multi-Core Image Compilation
Execute the make -j$(nproc) command to compile in parallel using multiple cores. Since this is the first compilation, many packages need to be downloaded, and it takes about an hour to complete. Those with poor network conditions should be prepared to reserve more time.
$ make -j$(nproc)
...
>>> Generating filesystem image rootfs.tar
mkdir -p /home/buildroot/output/images
rm -rf /home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-fs/tar
mkdir -p /home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-fs/tar
rsync -auH --exclude=/THIS_IS_NOT_YOUR_ROOT_FILESYSTEM /home/buildroot/output/target/ /home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-fs/tar/target
echo '#!/bin/sh' > /home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-fs/tar/fakeroot
... # Omit the process of writing the fakeroot file
chmod a+x /home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-fs/tar/fakeroot
PATH="/home/buildroot/output/host/bin:/home/buildroot/output/host/sbin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" FAKEROOTDONTTRYCHOWN=1 /home/buildroot/output/host/bin/fakeroot -- /home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-fs/tar/fakeroot
rootdir=/home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-fs/tar/target
table='/home/buildroot/output/build/buildroot-fs/full_devices_table.txt'
ln -snf /home/buildroot/output/host/riscv64-buildroot-linux-gnu/sysroot /home/buildroot/output/staging
>>> Executing post-image script board/qemu/post-image.sh
$ ls output/images/
Image fw_dynamic.bin fw_dynamic.elf fw_jump.bin fw_jump.elf rootfs.ext2 rootfs.tar start-qemu.sh
Starting Compiled Kernel Image and File System with QEMU
Next, execute the output/images/start-qemu.sh script file to start a riscv64 virtual environment using QEMU. Check the contents of start-qemu.sh; this script uses the built fw_jump.elf file as the BIOS parameter, the Image file as the kernel parameter, and rootfs.ext2 as the file system parameter to start QEMU.
$ cat output/images/start-qemu.sh
#!/bin/sh
(
BINARIES_DIR="${0%/*}/"
cd ${BINARIES_DIR}
if [ "${1}" = "serial-only" ]; then
EXTRA_ARGS='-nographic'
else
EXTRA_ARGS=''
fi
export PATH="/home/buildroot/output/host/bin:${PATH}"
exec qemu-system-riscv64 -M virt -bios fw_jump.elf -kernel Image -append "rootwait root=/dev/vda ro" -drive file=rootfs.ext2,format=raw,id=hd0 -device virtio-blk-device,drive=hd0 -netdev user,id=net0 -device virtio-net-device,netdev=net0 -nographic ${EXTRA_ARGS}
)
QEMU successfully started the kernel, and use the uname -a command to check the processor and operating system-related information.
$ ./output/images/start-qemu.sh
OpenSBI v0.9
____ _____ ____ _____
/ __ \ / ____| _ \_ _|
| | | |_ __ ___ _ __ | (___ | |_) || |
| | | | '_ \ / _ \ '_ \ \___ \| _ < | |
| |__| | |_) | __/ | | |____) | |_) || |_
\____/| .__/ \___|_| |_|_____/|_____/_____|
| |
|_|
Platform Name : riscv-virtio,qemu
Platform Features : timer,mfdeleg
Platform HART Count : 1
Firmware Base : 0x80000000
Firmware Size : 124 KB
Runtime SBI Version : 0.2
...
Welcome to Buildroot
buildroot login: root
# uname -a
Linux buildroot 5.15.43 #1 SMP Tue Dec 27 15:19:22 UTC 2022 riscv64 GNU/Linux
# ls /
bin lib lost+found opt run tmp
dev lib64 media proc sbin usr
etc linuxrc mnt root sys var
#
Building Nezha Development Board System Image
Finally, we use Buildroot to build the system image for the Nezha development board and test it on the board.
Generating Config Configuration File and Compilation
Follow the same process as before to generate the configuration file and compile it, copying the sdcard.img image from the output/images directory to the host machine.
# Switch to the 2022.11 release, this version can boot and run normally on the Nezha development board
$ git checkout -b 2022.11.test 2022.11
# Generate .config configuration file
$ make nezha_defconfig
#
# configuration written to /home/buildroot/.config
#
# Compile
$ make -j$(nproc)
# View the generated files
$ ls output/images/
Image fw_dynamic.bin fw_dynamic.elf rootfs.ext2 rootfs.ext4 sdcard.img sun20i-d1-nezha.dtb u-boot-sunxi-with-spl.bin
Copying Compiled Image to Host Machine
After compilation is complete, we copy the generated sdcard.img file to the host machine using the docker cp command.
# Execute on the host machine to copy sdcard.img to the host
$ docker cp ubuntu-2004:/home/buildroot/output/images/sdcard.img ./
Image Burning and Board Testing
The following commands are all run on the host machine.
-
Insert the SD card into the card reader and connect the card reader to the computer’s USB port, using the
ddcommand to burn the sdcard.img file to the SD card -
The burning result is as follows:
$ time sudo dd if=sdcard.img of=/dev/sda bs=2M
39+0 records in
39+0 records out
81788928 bytes (82 MB, 78 MiB) copied, 10.4105 s, 7.9 MB/s
real 0m10.436s
user 0m0.009s
sys 0m0.013s
-
Remove the burned SD card, insert it into the SD card slot of the Nezha development board, and power on to start the Nezha development board -
Detailed startup information from Buildroot is as follows:
[227]HELLO! BOOT0 is starting!
[230]BOOT0 commit : 40bd4a32aa
[233]set pll start
[235]periph0 has been enabled
[238]set pll end
[239]board init ok
[241]DRAM only have internal ZQ!!
[244]get_pmu_exist() = -1
[247]ddr_efuse_type: 0x0
[250][AUTO DEBUG] two rank and full DQ!
[253]ddr_efuse_type: 0x0
[256][AUTO DEBUG] rank 0 row = 15
[259][AUTO DEBUG] rank 0 bank = 8
[263][AUTO DEBUG] rank 0 page size = 2 KB
[266][AUTO DEBUG] rank 1 row = 15
[269][AUTO DEBUG] rank 1 bank = 8
[273][AUTO DEBUG] rank 1 page size = 2 KB
[276]rank1 config same as rank0
[279]DRAM BOOT DRIVE INFO: V0.24
[282]DRAM CLK = 792 MHz
[285]DRAM Type = 3 (2:DDR2,3:DDR3)
[288]DRAMC ZQ value: 0x7b7bfb
[291]DRAM ODT value: 0x42.
[293]ddr_efuse_type: 0x0
[296]DRAM SIZE =1024 M
[300]DRAM simple test OK.
[302]dram size =1024
[304]card no is 0
[306]sdcard 0 line count 4
[308][mmc]: mmc driver ver 2021-04-2 16:45
[317][mmc]: Wrong media type 0x0
[320][mmc]: ***Try SD card 0***
[329][mmc]: HSSDR52/SDR25 4 bit
[332][mmc]: 50000000 Hz
[334][mmc]: 29818 MB
[336][mmc]: ***SD/MMC 0 init OK!!!***
[387]Loading boot-pkg Succeed(index=0).
[390]Entry_name = opensbi
[393]Entry_name = dtb
[396]Entry_name = u-boot
[400]Adding DRAM info to DTB.
[405]Jump to second Boot.
OpenSBI v1.1
____ _____ ____ _____
/ __ \ / ____| _ \_ _|
| | | |_ __ ___ _ __ | (___ | |_) || |
| | | | '_ \ / _ \ '_ \ \___ \| _ < | |
| |__| | |_) | __/ | | |____) | |_) || |_
\____/| .__/ \___|_| |_|_____/|_____/_____|
| |
|_|
Platform Name : Allwinner D1 Nezha
Platform Features : medeleg
Platform HART Count : 1
Platform IPI Device : ---
Platform Timer Device : --- @ 0Hz
Platform Console Device : uart8250
Platform HSM Device : sun20i-d1-ppu
Platform Reboot Device : sunxi-wdt-reset
Platform Shutdown Device : ---
Firmware Base : 0x40000000
Firmware Size : 240 KB
Runtime SBI Version : 1.0
Domain0 Name : root
Domain0 Boot HART : 0
Domain0 HARTs : 0*
Domain0 Region00 : 0x0000000040000000-0x000000004003ffff ()
Domain0 Region01 : 0x0000000000000000-0xffffffffffffffff (R,W,X)
Domain0 Next Address : 0x000000004a000000
Domain0 Next Arg1 : 0x0000000044000000
Domain0 Next Mode : S-mode
Domain0 SysReset : yes
Boot HART ID : 0
Boot HART Domain : root
Boot HART Priv Version : v1.11
Boot HART Base ISA : rv64imafdcvx
Boot HART ISA Extensions : time
Boot HART PMP Count : 8
Boot HART PMP Granularity : 2048
Boot HART PMP Address Bits: 38
Boot HART MHPM Count : 0
Boot HART MIDELEG : 0x0000000000000222
Boot HART MEDELEG : 0x000000000000b109
U-Boot 2022.07-rc3 (Dec 27 2022 - 23:25:44 +0800)
CPU: rv64imafdc
Model: Allwinner D1 Nezha
DRAM: 1 GiB
sunxi_set_gate: (CLK#24) unhandled
Core: 66 devices, 24 uclasses, devicetree: board
WDT: Started watchdog@6011000 with servicing (16s timeout)
MMC: mmc@4020000: 0, mmc@4021000: 1
Loading Environment from nowhere... OK
In: serial@2500000
Out: serial@2500000
Err: serial@2500000
Net:
Warning: ethernet@4500000 (eth0) using random MAC address - 06:58:7d:c3:58:d6
eth0: ethernet@4500000
Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0
switch to partitions #0, OK
mmc0 is current device
Scanning mmc 0:1...
Found /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf
Retrieving file: /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf
1: linux
Retrieving file: /boot/Image
append: console=ttyS0,115200 root=/dev/mmcblk0p1 ro rootwait
Moving Image from 0x40040000 to 0x40200000, end=415e7c98
## Flattened Device Tree blob at 7fb14730
Booting using the fdt blob at 0x7fb14730
Loading Device Tree to 0000000042df5000, end 0000000042dff68f ... OK
Starting kernel ...
[ 0.000000] Linux version 5.19.0-rc1 (root@603c9b6a45b4) (riscv64-buildroot-linux-gnu-gcc.br_real (Buildroot 2022.11) 11.3.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils) 2.38) #1 PREEMPT Tue Dec 27 23:26:20 CST 2022
[ 0.000000] OF: fdt: Ignoring memory range 0x40000000 - 0x40200000
[ 0.000000] Machine model: Allwinner D1 Nezha
[ 0.000000] Zone ranges:
[ 0.000000] DMA32 [mem 0x0000000040200000-0x000000007fffffff]
[ 0.000000] Normal empty
[ 0.000000] Movable zone start for each node
[ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges
[ 0.000000] node 0: [mem 0x0000000040200000-0x000000007fffffff]
[ 0.000000] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000040200000-0x000000007fffffff]
[ 0.000000] riscv: SBI specification v1.0 detected
[ 0.000000] riscv: SBI implementation ID=0x1 Version=0x10001
[ 0.000000] riscv: SBI TIME extension detected
[ 0.000000] riscv: SBI IPI extension detected
[ 0.000000] riscv: SBI RFENCE extension detected
[ 0.000000] riscv: SBI SRST extension detected
[ 0.000000] riscv: base ISA extensions acdfim
[ 0.000000] riscv: ELF capabilities acdfim
[ 0.000000] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 257544
[ 0.000000] Kernel command line: console=ttyS0,115200 root=/dev/mmcblk0p1 ro rootwait
[ 0.000000] Dentry cache hash table entries: 131072 (order: 8, 1048576 bytes, linear)
[ 0.000000] Inode-cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 7, 524288 bytes, linear)
[ 0.000000] mem auto-init: stack:off, heap alloc:off, heap free:off
[ 0.000000] Memory: 1007888K/1046528K available (6885K kernel code, 5580K rwdata, 4096K rodata, 2191K init, 319K bss, 38640K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)
[ 0.000000] SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1
[ 0.000000] trace event string verifier disabled
[ 0.000000] rcu: Preemptible hierarchical RCU implementation.
[ 0.000000] Trampoline variant of Tasks RCU enabled.
[ 0.000000] rcu: RCU calculated value of scheduler-enlistment delay is 25 jiffies.
[ 0.000000] NR_IRQS: 64, nr_irqs: 64, preallocated irqs: 0
[ 0.000000] OF: of_irq_init: found /cpus/cpu@0/interrupt-controller with parent (null)
[ 0.000000] OF: of_irq_init: found /soc/interrupt-controller@6010000 with parent /soc/interrupt-controller@10000000
[ 0.000000] OF: of_irq_init: found /soc/interrupt-controller@10000000 with parent /cpus/cpu@0/interrupt-controller
[ 0.000000] OF: of_irq_init: init /cpus/cpu@0/interrupt-controller with parent (null)
[ 0.000000] riscv-intc: 64 local interrupts mapped
[ 0.000000] OF: of_irq_init: init /soc/interrupt-controller@10000000 with parent /cpus/cpu@0/interrupt-controller
[ 0.000000] plic: interrupt-controller@10000000: mapped 176 interrupts with 1 handlers for 2 contexts.
[ 0.000000] OF: of_irq_init: init /soc/interrupt-controller@6010000 with parent /soc/interrupt-controller@10000000
[ 0.000000] rcu: srcu_init: Setting srcu_struct sizes based on contention.
[ 0.000000] riscv_timer_init_dt: Registering clocksource cpuid [0] hartid [0]
[ 0.000000] clocksource: riscv_clocksource: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x588fe9dc0, max_idle_ns: 440795202592 ns
[ 0.000001] sched_clock: 64 bits at 24MHz, resolution 41ns, wraps every 4398046511097ns
[ 0.000368] clocksource: timer: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 79635851949 ns
[ 0.001017] Console: colour dummy device 80x25
[ 0.001106] Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 48.00 BogoMIPS (lpj=96000)
[ 0.001130] pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
[ 0.001438] Mount-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[ 0.001466] Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[ 0.003917] cblist_init_generic: Setting adjustable number of callback queues.
[ 0.003932] cblist_init_generic: Setting shift to 0 and lim to 1.
[ 0.004095] riscv: ELF compat mode failed
[ 0.004145] ASID allocator using 16 bits (65536 entries)
[ 0.004351] rcu: Hierarchical SRCU implementation.
[ 0.005440] devtmpfs: initialized
[ 0.018343] clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 7645041785100000 ns
[ 0.018369] futex hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 6144 bytes, linear)
[ 0.018513] pinctrl core: initialized pinctrl subsystem
[ 0.020648] NET: Registered PF_NETLINK/PF_ROUTE protocol family
[ 0.021016] DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL pool for atomic allocations
[ 0.021068] DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL|GFP_DMA32 pool for atomic allocations
[ 0.021877] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'bang_bang'
[ 0.021890] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'step_wise'
[ 0.021896] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'user_space'
[ 0.022489] cpuidle: using governor menu
[ 0.049441] platform 5460000.tcon-top: Fixing up cyclic dependency with 5200000.mixer
[ 0.049572] platform 5460000.tcon-top: Fixing up cyclic dependency with 5100000.mixer
[ 0.050332] platform 5461000.lcd-controller: Fixing up cyclic dependency with 5460000.tcon-top
[ 0.051027] platform 5470000.lcd-controller: Fixing up cyclic dependency with 5460000.tcon-top
[ 0.051900] platform 5500000.hdmi: Fixing up cyclic dependency with 5460000.tcon-top
[ 0.055442] platform 7090000.rtc: Fixing up cyclic dependency with 7010000.clock-controller
[ 0.057826] platform connector: Fixing up cyclic dependency with 5500000.hdmi
[ 0.090637] iommu: Default domain type: Translated
[ 0.090647] iommu: DMA domain TLB invalidation policy: strict mode
[ 0.091084] SCSI subsystem initialized
[ 0.091448] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
[ 0.091537] usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
[ 0.091612] usbcore: registered new device driver usb
[ 0.091979] mc: Linux media interface: v0.10
[ 0.092084] videodev: Linux video capture interface: v2.00
[ 0.092909] Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Initialized.
[ 0.094037] clocksource: Switched to clocksource riscv_clocksource
[ 0.132085] NET: Registered PF_INET protocol family
[ 0.132447] IP idents hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes, linear)
[ 0.135984] tcp_listen_portaddr_hash hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes, linear)
[ 0.136047] TCP established hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes, linear)
[ 0.136153] TCP bind bhash tables hash table entries: 8192 (order: 5, 131072 bytes, linear)
[ 0.136604] TCP: Hash tables configured (established 8192 bind 8192)
[ 0.136747] UDP hash table entries: 512 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[ 0.136805] UDP-Lite hash table entries: 512 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[ 0.137070] NET: Registered PF_UNIX/PF_LOCAL protocol family
[ 0.142163] workingset: timestamp_bits=46 max_order=18 bucket_order=0
[ 0.166131] SGI XFS with ACLs, security attributes, no debug enabled
[ 0.174601] NET: Registered PF_ALG protocol family
[ 0.174852] Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 248)
[ 0.241896] Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 6 ports, IRQ sharing disabled
[ 0.257537] sun8i-mixer 5100000.mixer: Adding to iommu group 0
[ 0.262237] sun8i-mixer 5200000.mixer: Adding to iommu group 0
[ 0.271661] zram: Added device: zram0
[ 0.275655] ehci_hcd: USB 2.0 'Enhanced' Host Controller (EHCI) Driver
[ 0.275665] ehci-platform: EHCI generic platform driver
[ 0.276200] ohci_hcd: USB 1.1 'Open' Host Controller (OHCI) Driver
[ 0.276261] ohci-platform: OHCI generic platform driver
[ 0.282316] usbcore: registered new interface driver uas
[ 0.282416] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
[ 0.282574] usbcore: registered new interface driver ch341
[ 0.282623] usbserial: USB Serial support registered for ch341-uart
[ 0.283353] UDC core: g_ether: couldn't find an available UDC
[ 0.286610] sun6i-rtc 7090000.rtc: registered as rtc0
[ 0.286714] sun6i-rtc 7090000.rtc: setting system clock to 1970-01-02T00:00:07 UTC (86407)
[ 0.286949] sun6i-rtc 7090000.rtc: RTC enabled
[ 0.287316] i2c_dev: i2c /dev entries driver
[ 0.294410] sunxi-wdt 6011000.watchdog: Watchdog enabled (timeout=16 sec, nowayout=0)
[ 0.297354] ledtrig-cpu: registered to indicate activity on CPUs
[ 0.297750] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: Set mod clock to 300000000 (300 Mhz) from 400000000 (400 Mhz)
[ 0.302118] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: will run requests pump with realtime priority
[ 0.302355] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: will run requests pump with realtime priority
[ 0.306114] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: will run requests pump with realtime priority
[ 0.306346] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: will run requests pump with realtime priority
[ 0.306480] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: Register cbc(aes)
[ 0.306510] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: Register ecb(aes)
[ 0.306522] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: Register cbc(des3_ede)
[ 0.306534] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: Register ecb(des3_ede)
[ 0.306549] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: Register md5
[ 0.306563] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: Register sha1
[ 0.306579] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: Register sha224
[ 0.306594] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: Register sha256
[ 0.306617] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: Register sha384
[ 0.306635] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: Register sha512
[ 0.306651] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: Register stdrng
[ 0.310683] sun8i-ce 3040000.crypto: CryptoEngine Die ID 0
[ 0.311302] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
[ 0.311311] usbhid: USB HID core driver
[ 0.311552] cedrus 1c0e000.video-codec: Adding to iommu group 0
[ 0.312241] cedrus 1c0e000.video-codec: Device registered as /dev/video0
[ 0.313213] random: crng init done
[ 0.322269] usbcore: registered new interface driver snd-usb-audio
[ 0.330889] sun20i-codec 2030000.audio-codec: ASoC: Adding component 2030000.audio-codec for platform /soc/audio-codec@2030000
[ 0.330914] sun20i-codec 2030000.audio-codec: ASoC: Adding component 2030000.audio-codec for platform /soc/audio-codec@2030000
[ 0.347968] NET: Registered PF_INET6 protocol family
[ 0.354639] Segment Routing with IPv6
[ 0.354687] In-situ OAM (IOAM) with IPv6
[ 0.354792] NET: Registered PF_PACKET protocol family
[ 0.457383] sun20i-d1-pinctrl 2000000.pinctrl: initialized sunXi PIO driver
[ 0.466253] printk: console [ttyS0] disabled
[ 0.510089] 2500000.serial: ttyS0 at MMIO 0x2500000 (irq = 207, base_baud = 1500000) is a 16550A
[ 0.514152] printk: console [ttyS0] enabled
[ 0.536244] printk: console [ttyS0] printing thread started
[ 0.582086] 2500400.serial: ttyS1 at MMIO 0x2500400 (irq = 208, base_baud = 1500000) is a 16550A
[ 0.583291] sun4i-drm display-engine: Adding to iommu group 0
[ 0.696996] sun4i-drm display-engine: bound 5100000.mixer (ops 0xffffffff80c62638)
[ 0.708330] sun4i-drm display-engine: bound 5200000.mixer (ops 0xffffffff80c62638)
[ 0.708959] sun4i-drm display-engine: bound 5460000.tcon-top (ops 0xffffffff80c66cd8)
[ 0.709719] sun4i-drm display-engine: No panel or bridge found... RGB output disabled
[ 0.709742] sun4i-drm display-engine: bound 5461000.lcd-controller (ops 0xffffffff80c5f668)
[ 0.720010] sun4i-drm display-engine: bound 5470000.lcd-controller (ops 0xffffffff80c5f668)
[ 0.720662] sun8i-dw-hdmi 5500000.hdmi: Detected HDMI TX controller v2.12a with HDCP (sun8i_dw_hdmi_phy)
[ 0.726624] sun8i-dw-hdmi 5500000.hdmi: registered DesignWare HDMI I2C bus driver
[ 0.727177] sun4i-drm display-engine: bound 5500000.hdmi (ops 0xffffffff80c61708)
[ 0.732796] [drm] Initialized sun4i-drm 1.0.0 20150629 for display-engine on minor 0
[ 0.732948] sun4i-drm display-engine: [drm] Cannot find any crtc or sizes
[ 0.735713] spi-nand spi0.0: Macronix SPI NAND was found.
[ 0.735726] spi-nand spi0.0: 256 MiB, block size: 128 KiB, page size: 2048, OOB size: 64
[ 0.742469] 4 fixed-partitions partitions found on MTD device spi0.0
[ 0.742489] Creating 4 MTD partitions on "spi0.0":
[ 0.742501] 0x000000000000-0x000000100000 : "boot0"
[ 0.751498] 0x000000100000-0x000000400000 : "uboot"
[ 0.772891] 0x000000400000-0x000000500000 : "secure_storage"
[ 0.781553] 0x000000500000-0x000010000000 : "sys"
[ 2.349527] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet: IRQ eth_wake_irq not found
[ 2.349542] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet: IRQ eth_lpi not found
[ 2.349977] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet: PTP uses main clock
[ 2.350029] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet: Current syscon value is not the default 50006 (expect 0)
[ 2.356780] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet: No HW DMA feature register supported
[ 2.356795] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet: RX Checksum Offload Engine supported
[ 2.356800] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet: COE Type 2
[ 2.356809] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet: TX Checksum insertion supported
[ 2.356817] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet: Normal descriptors
[ 2.356824] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet: Chain mode enabled
[ 2.424329] input: 2009800.keys as /devices/platform/soc/2009800.keys/input/input0
[ 2.436951] pcf857x 2-0038: probed
[ 2.449370] sun50i-r329-ledc 2008000.led-controller: Registered 1 LEDs
[ 2.456891] sunxi-mmc 4021000.mmc: allocated mmc-pwrseq
[ 2.457435] sunxi-mmc 4020000.mmc: Got CD GPIO
[ 2.467761] phy phy-4100400.phy.0: Changing dr_mode to 1
[ 2.467777] phy phy-4100400.phy.0: External vbus detected, not enabling our own vbus
[ 2.467785] ehci-platform 4101000.usb: EHCI Host Controller
[ 2.467826] ehci-platform 4101000.usb: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
[ 2.468024] ehci-platform 4101000.usb: irq 222, io mem 0x04101000
[ 2.470013] musb-sunxi 4100000.usb: Invalid or missing 'dr_mode' property
[ 2.470026] musb-sunxi: probe of 4100000.usb failed with error -22
[ 2.471554] ehci-platform 4200000.usb: EHCI Host Controller
[ 2.471594] ehci-platform 4200000.usb: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 2
[ 2.471805] ehci-platform 4200000.usb: irq 223, io mem 0x04200000
[ 2.473654] ALSA device list:
[ 2.473665] #0: sun20i-codec
[ 2.474897] ohci-platform 4200400.usb: Generic Platform OHCI controller
[ 2.474935] ohci-platform 4200400.usb: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 3
[ 2.475099] ohci-platform 4101400.usb: Generic Platform OHCI controller
[ 2.475648] ohci-platform 4101400.usb: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 4
[ 2.480706] sunxi-mmc 4021000.mmc: initialized, max. request size: 2047 KB, uses new timings mode
[ 2.486792] ehci-platform 4101000.usb: USB 2.0 started, EHCI 1.00
[ 2.487243] usb usb1: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0002, bcdDevice= 5.19
[ 2.487260] usb usb1: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
[ 2.487269] usb usb1: Product: EHCI Host Controller
[ 2.487276] usb usb1: Manufacturer: Linux 5.19.0-rc1 ehci_hcd
[ 2.487282] usb usb1: SerialNumber: 4101000.usb
[ 2.488341] hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
[ 2.488420] hub 1-0:1.0: 1 port detected
[ 2.498796] sunxi-mmc 4020000.mmc: initialized, max. request size: 2047 KB, uses new timings mode
[ 2.505114] ehci-platform 4200000.usb: USB 2.0 started, EHCI 1.00
[ 2.505417] usb usb2: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0002, bcdDevice= 5.19
[ 2.505434] usb usb2: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
[ 2.505442] usb usb2: Product: EHCI Host Controller
[ 2.505449] usb usb2: Manufacturer: Linux 5.19.0-rc1 ehci_hcd
[ 2.505456] usb usb2: SerialNumber: 4200000.usb
[ 2.506501] hub 2-0:1.0: USB hub found
[ 2.506607] hub 2-0:1.0: 1 port detected
[ 2.543847] usb usb4: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0001, bcdDevice= 5.19
[ 2.543865] usb usb4: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
[ 2.543874] usb usb4: Product: Generic Platform OHCI controller
[ 2.543881] usb usb4: Manufacturer: Linux 5.19.0-rc1 ohci_hcd
[ 2.543888] usb usb4: SerialNumber: 4101400.usb
[ 2.550683] hub 4-0:1.0: USB hub found
[ 2.550750] hub 4-0:1.0: 1 port detected
[ 2.552957] usb usb3: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0001, bcdDevice= 5.19
[ 2.552975] usb usb3: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
[ 2.552984] usb usb3: Product: Generic Platform OHCI controller
[ 2.552990] usb usb3: Manufacturer: Linux 5.19.0-rc1 ohci_hcd
[ 2.552997] usb usb3: SerialNumber: 4200400.usb
[ 2.554194] hub 3-0:1.0: USB hub found
[ 2.554259] hub 3-0:1.0: 1 port detected
[ 2.557300] Waiting for root device /dev/mmcblk0p1...
[ 2.579394] mmc1: new high speed SDIO card at address 0001
[ 2.636561] mmc0: new high speed SDHC card at address b368
[ 2.645982] mmcblk0: mmc0:b368 NCard 29.1 GiB
[ 2.654639] mmcblk0: p1
[ 2.724440] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Quota mode: disabled.
[ 2.724512] VFS: Mounted root (ext4 filesystem) readonly on device 179:1.
[ 2.729489] devtmpfs: mounted
[ 2.730994] Freeing unused kernel image (initmem) memory: 2188K
[ 2.731043] Run /sbin/init as init process
[ 3.091293] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p1): re-mounted. Quota mode: disabled.
Starting syslogd: OK
Starting klogd: OK
Running sysctl: OK
Saving random seed: OK
Starting network: [ 3.686081] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet eth0: PHY [stmmac-0:01] driver [RTL8211F Gigabit Ethernet] (irq=POLL)
[ 3.686499] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet eth0: Register MEM_TYPE_PAGE_POOL RxQ-0
[ 3.687401] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet eth0: No Safety Features support found
[ 3.687419] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet eth0: No MAC Management Counters available
[ 3.687429] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet eth0: PTP not supported by HW
[ 3.687867] dwmac-sun8i 4500000.ethernet eth0: configuring for phy/rgmii-id link mode
udhcpc: started, v1.35.0
udhcpc: broadcasting discover
udhcpc: no lease, forking to background
OK
Welcome to Buildroot
buildroot login:
Summary
In this experiment, we used Buildroot to build a QEMU-based RISCV64 virtual environment, compiled the system image for the Nezha development board, and passed the board testing, experiencing the convenience and speed of using Buildroot to build system images.
References
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Buildroot Official Website
Original address: https://tinylab.org/riscv-buildroot-nezhaTechnical service: https://tinylab.org/ruma.tech
In the lower left corner, read the original text to access external links. If you’ve made it this far, just casually look and share it! 😉