A Comprehensive Guide to Linux Hardware Information and Troubleshooting Commands

Today, I will share some hardware-related commands that can be used for daily operations and troubleshooting.

Quick Reference Table for Hardware Commands

lscpu

cat /proc/cpuinfo

free -h

dmidecode -t memory

lsblk

fdisk -l

smartctl

lspci

lsusb

dmidecode

sensors

lsmod

modinfo

dmesg

1. CPU Information Troubleshooting

1.1

lscpu

Quickly view CPU architecture information, including the number of cores, threads, cache, etc.

lscpu

1.2

cat /proc/cpuinfo

View detailed information about each logical CPU at a lower level.

cat /proc/cpuinfo

2. Memory and Memory Module Information

2.1

free -h

View the usage of memory and swap.

free -h

2.2

dmidecode

Obtain information about physical memory modules, including slots, capacity, type, frequency, etc.:

dmidecode -t memory

3. Disk and Partition

3.1

lsblk

List all block devices (disks, partitions, mount points) in a tree structure.

lsblk

3.2

fdisk -l

List all disks and partition tables (MBR/GPT).

fdisk -l

3.3

blkid

Display the UUID and filesystem type of disk devices, very useful for troubleshooting mount issues.

blkid

3.4

smartctl

Requires the

smartmontools

package to be installed, reads the S.M.A.R.T. status of the disk to determine if there are any hard drive failures.

smartctl -a /dev/sda

4. Graphics Card, Network Card, USB Devices

4.1

lspci

List all PCI bus devices, including graphics cards, network cards, sound cards, etc.

lspci

Using the

-v

option can display detailed information:

lspci -vnn

For example, to find the graphics card:

lspci | grep VGA

4.2

lsusb

List all USB devices, commonly used for peripheral identification issues.

lsusb

5. Motherboard and Basic Hardware Information

5.1

dmidecode

This command is a universal hardware information viewing tool that can view information about the motherboard, BIOS, serial number, manufacturer, etc.:

dmidecode

Common types:

• BIOS:

  dmidecode -t bios

• Motherboard:

  dmidecode -t baseboard

• System Information:

  dmidecode -t system

6. Temperature and Sensor Monitoring

6.1

sensors

Requires the

lm-sensors

package to be installed, not all systems can install it, used to view CPU temperature, voltage, fan speed, etc.:

sensors

Installation command (Debian/Ubuntu):

sudo apt install lm-sensors
sudo sensors-detect

7. Kernel Modules and Drivers

7.1

lsmod

View the currently loaded kernel modules (drivers) in the system:

lsmod

# Generally combined with grep for filtered output
lsmod |grep vmx

7.2

modinfo

View detailed information about a specific module (version, dependencies, etc.):

modinfo e1000e

7.3

dmesg

This command is very important. View the system boot logs and hardware loading information, very suitable for troubleshooting driver loading failures and other issues:

dmesg | grep -i error

Mastering the above commands will greatly enhance your efficiency in locating and resolving hardware issues.

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