Uncovering the Secrets of ARMv7/ARMv8/ARMv9 Architecture

1. Although ARMv7 products are still frequently seen in the market and many students are learning about ARMv7, it has been 15 years since its release, and ARMv8 has been around for 10 years. 2. Despite the popularity of ARM, which occupies various fields in the market and has many programmers closely related to it, there is still no comprehensive Chinese book on ARMv8 architecture (Note: In 2021, there was a book on architecture programming). 3. During the ARMv7 era, the entire ARM product line was divided into three branches: the Cortex-A for mobile, Cortex-M for embedded, and Cortex-R for real-time applications. In fact, not many R and M core IPs have been released over the past 15 years, and most of the focus has been on A. 4. In 2021, Cortex-A further branched into three categories: the performance-focused X series, the mobile A series, and the server-oriented Neoverse series.

5. ARM has major version numbers like V7/V8/V9, but it also has minor version numbers like 8.1/8.2/9.0/9.1/9.2. Starting from V8, a major version is expected every 10 years, with minor versions updated almost annually since 2016.

6. Although there are many version numbers for ARM, not every version corresponds to a product. ARM’s 8.0-8.7 primarily has products for 8.0 and 8.2. 7. Starting from 2021, all new core IPs from ARM are 9.0, and it seems there will be no more core IPs for 8.0.

8. ARMv9 will completely phase out aarch32 (32-bit). Although ARMv9 is forward compatible, EL0 still retains aarch32 capability. The A710/A510 released in 2021 still supports aarch32, but starting from 2022, new cores will no longer support aarch32. It seems that future cores will not support aarch32 either. 9. Stop constantly mentioning big.LITTLE or big and little cores; in fact, mainstream SoCs have long shifted to the DynamIQ architecture.

10. Finally, here is the “ARMv8/ARMv9 Basic Capability Test” question for you to test your level; scoring above 46 is considered passing. Scan the QR code below to start answering:

After answering, a related certificate will be automatically generated, and answers and explanations will be displayed automatically.

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