Research on Redundant Strategies: Development Towards Integrated Redundant Design

Zosi Automotive Research released the “2024 China Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Strategy Analysis Research Report“.

For autonomous vehicles, safety is the primary requirement. Advanced driver assistance must achieve complete redundancy to ensure true safety. Currently, most OEMs, Tier 1 suppliers, and Level 4 autonomous driving companies’ redundant designs mainly involve software and hardware backups:

• Software level: Implement algorithm redundancy, for example, in GAC Group’s latest ADiGO PILOT intelligent driving system, using the AEB function algorithm, a strategy combining visual + millimeter-wave fusion algorithms with real-time redundancy verification of visual algorithms to maximize the reliability of AEB functions.

• Hardware level: This is reflected in different functional locations, such as perception, decision-making, execution, and power supply, all adopting dual or multiple redundancy designs to ensure that when one system fails, another system with the same function can operate normally.

Source: Zosi Automotive Research “2024 China Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Strategy Analysis Research Report”

Execution redundancy and decision redundancy are the most critical parts, directly determining whether the vehicle can respond correctly at critical moments. Execution redundancy is usually placed in the braking and steering systems, designed to have two independent systems with the same function. Decision redundancy occurs in the brain, where the entire vehicle’s E/E architecture configures two core computing units, adopting a redundant architectural design concept from the vehicle architecture level, functional definition level, and system level.

• The main products at this stage are electronic hydraulic braking systems (EHB), whose common redundancy scheme is a dual safety failure mode of mechanical redundancy + electronic redundancy and the addition of auxiliary braking module schemes;

• The trend towards brake system electrification is the future because electronic mechanical braking systems (EMB) completely abandon traditional braking fluids and hydraulic lines, generating braking force through motor drive, improving response speed, simplifying structural layout, and possessing inherent redundancy capabilities, but requiring extremely high reliability, making it difficult for large-scale production in the short term.

• Currently, electric power steering systems (EPS) mainly use dual EPS steering redundancy schemes with two sets of motors, two power supplies, and two sets of windings, equivalent to two completely independent sets of EPS hardware, which are independent and back up each other, resulting in high overall costs;

• The steering system is evolving from electric power assistance to drive-by-wire. The drive-by-wire steering system (SBW) consists of three main parts: the steering wheel assembly, steering actuator assembly, and ECU, along with automatic fault prevention systems, power supplies, and other auxiliary systems, offering advantages such as fast response speed, flexible installation, lightweight, and high collision safety. Therefore, the drive-by-wire steering system requires redundancy backup for core components.

• Using a drive-by-wire steering system, the transmission and control of electrical signals between the steering wheel and steering wheel can be freely designed, with lower latency, more precise control, higher transmission efficiency, and more flexible layout;
• Implementing a full redundancy design with dual power supply, dual communication, dual hardware, and dual software, although there is no mechanical steering column connection between the steering wheel and steering wheel, compared to the commonly used electric power steering systems, its reliability has increased by 2.2 times;

• In December 2024, the first model of the NIO NT 3.0 platform, ET9, obtained the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology’s production license for drive-by-wire steering technology, becoming the first model in China equipped with drive-by-wire steering technology.

Source: NIO

With the deepening application of intelligent connected and autonomous driving technologies, the vehicle’s braking and steering systems are evolving towards integration. Some OEMs and suppliers have launched central electronic and electrical architectures, and integrated chassis that combine braking, steering, and driving systems, adopting an integrated full redundancy design concept.

• CIIC integrates the vehicle’s driving system, braking system, steering system, and suspension system into the physical chassis, achieving platform design for software and hardware expansion;

• CIIC-M (medium platform) adopts full drive-by-wire technology, eliminating the mechanical connection between the brake pedal and the electronic control unit, achieving complete decoupling of the upper and lower vehicle bodies; at the same time, it adds software redundancy strategies, safety monitoring, and fault handling mechanisms to ensure system safety and robustness.

Source: Times Intelligent

• Equipped with four large motors of 220-240kW, through precise motor torque and speed control, combined with power-type blade batteries, new silicon carbide electronic control, and advanced thermal management technology, achieving a maximum braking deceleration of 1g;

• Using differential steering technology to steer, the left and right wheels obtain different torques, causing the wheels to deflect and complete the steering. The minimum turning diameter is 12 meters, and in an 18m serpentine pole test, the maximum passing speed is 60 km/h.

The Easy Four Square platform features a distributed drive format with four independently driven motors, ensuring basic driving capability even if only one motor operates. Additionally, the innovative technology of the Easy Four Square can provide dual redundancy backup for braking and steering based on existing braking and steering systems.

Source: BYD

The control system must meet the fail-operational requirements to implement L3 and above autonomous driving functions, meaning that after a sensor failure, the vehicle can still perform corresponding functions and safely complete its journey. To this end, the control system will apply two to three ECUs while embedding some redundant safety measures in certain sensors or achieving control redundancy through added chips in domain controllers.

• The “Tianxuan” cross-domain computing platform, as the main computing platform, integrates power domain, body domain, and chassis domain, adopting a multi-PCB design scheme to enable collaborative control of power domain, body domain, and chassis domain;

• A backup computing platform “Tiandi” is added as a backup redundancy, connected to the front and rear control domains via gigabit dual Ethernet for emergencies.

Source: BYD

Renesas Electronics recently launched the new generation of automotive multi-domain fusion SoC R-Car X5 (featuring ARM Cortex-A720AE core, meeting ASIL-B to ASIL-D functional safety requirements; 32-core design, CPU computing power up to 1000kDMIPS) supports safety isolation for multiple domains with different functional safety level requirements, utilizing hardware-based “fail-free interference (FFI)” technology. This hardware design achieves isolation of critical safety functions (such as drive-by-wire braking) from non-critical functions, allowing safety-related critical functions to be allocated to independent and redundant domains. Each domain has its own independent CPU core, memory, and interface, preventing potential catastrophic failures in the vehicle due to hardware or software failures in different domains.

Source: ARM

1.1 Definition of Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant Systems

Definition and source of advanced driver assistance redundant systems

Research structure of advanced driver assistance redundant systems (1)

Research structure of advanced driver assistance redundant systems (2)

Classification and types of advanced driver assistance redundant systems (1)

Classification and types of advanced driver assistance redundant systems (2)

1.2 Common Structural Designs for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

Common redundancy architecture types for advanced driver assistance systems

Common redundancy architecture for advanced driver assistance systems—MooN voting structure (1)

Common redundancy architecture for advanced driver assistance systems—MooN voting structure (2)

Redundancy mode design for L3 autonomous driving system architecture

Redundancy design scheme for L3 autonomous driving system architecture—dual-system full autonomous driving system architecture

Redundancy design for L4 autonomous driving system architecture

2.1 Perception Redundancy

Perception redundancy scheme one: Multi-sensor heterogeneous redundancy

Perception redundancy scheme one: Multi-sensor heterogeneous redundancy—fusion algorithms for multi-sensor information

Perception redundancy scheme one: Multi-sensor heterogeneous redundancy—multi-sensor fusion architecture types

Perception redundancy scheme one: Multi-sensor heterogeneous redundancy—multi-sensor fusion architecture (1)

Perception redundancy scheme one: Multi-sensor heterogeneous redundancy—multi-sensor fusion architecture (2)

Perception redundancy scheme two: V2X as a new redundancy module (1)

Perception redundancy scheme two: V2X as a new redundancy module (2)

Perception redundancy scheme three: IMU triple heterogeneous redundancy

Perception positioning redundancy case (1): Bosch perception module redundancy design

Perception positioning redundancy case (2): Mobileye’s True Redundancy sensor redundancy system (1)

Perception positioning redundancy case (2): Mobileye’s True Redundancy sensor redundancy system (2)

Perception positioning redundancy case (2): Mobileye’s True Redundancy sensor redundancy system autonomous driving solution

Perception positioning redundancy case (3): Bosch IMU positioning module redundancy design

Perception positioning redundancy case (4): Xinao threefold redundancy IMU

2.2 Decision (Control) Redundancy

Control redundancy scheme one: Domain control multi-ECU mutual redundancy (1)

Control redundancy scheme one: Domain control multi-ECU mutual redundancy (2)

Control redundancy scheme one: Domain control multi-ECU mutual redundancy (3)

Control redundancy scheme two: Single-chip cross-domain SoC redundancy strategy—Renesas R-Car X5

Control redundancy scheme two: Single-chip cross-domain SoC redundancy strategy—Qualcomm 8775

Control redundancy scheme two: Single-chip cross-domain SoC redundancy strategy—NVIDIA DRIVE Thor

Control redundancy scheme two: Single-chip cross-domain SoC redundancy strategy—Black Sesame Intelligence C1296

Control redundancy scheme three: L3 autonomous driving redundancy computing platform design (1)

Control redundancy scheme three: L3 autonomous driving redundancy computing platform design (2)

Domain control multi-ECU redundancy case (1)

Domain control multi-ECU redundancy case (2)

Domain control multi-ECU redundancy case (3)

2.3 Execution (Braking) Redundancy

Braking system technology route one: EHB (Electronic Hydraulic Drive-by-Wire System)

Braking system technology route one: EHB (Electronic Hydraulic Drive-by-Wire System) auxiliary components

EHB redundancy scheme one: Two-Box redundancy braking scheme, mechanical redundancy + electronic redundancy dual safety failure mode (1)

EHB redundancy scheme one: Two-Box redundancy braking scheme, mechanical redundancy + electronic redundancy dual safety failure mode (2)

EHB redundancy scheme one: One-Box redundancy braking scheme, adding RBU auxiliary braking module (1)

EHB redundancy scheme one: One-Box redundancy braking scheme, adding RBU auxiliary braking module (2)

EHB redundancy case (1): Huawei braking redundancy control system patent

EHB redundancy case (2): Jingwei Hengrun braking redundancy EWBS + ESP + EPB

EHB redundancy case (3): Nansen Technology Nbooster + ESC redundancy drive-by-wire braking system (1)

EHB redundancy case (3): Nansen Technology Nbooster + ESC redundancy drive-by-wire braking system (2)

EHB redundancy case (4): Bertli power supply redundancy and speed processing redundancy system

EHB redundancy case (4): Bertli electromechanical redundancy and hydraulic redundancy scheme

EHB redundancy case (5): Gelubo GIBS + ESC redundancy design (1)

EHB redundancy case (5): Gelubo GIBS + ESC redundancy design (2)

EHB redundancy case (5): Gelubo redundancy braking scheme’s demand for RBU

EHB redundancy case (5): Gelubo One-box vs. Two-box comparison

EHB redundancy case (5): Gelubo braking system development plan

EHB redundancy case (6): Likr Technology One-box braking system

EHB redundancy case (7): Yunkai Technology braking redundancy and control redundancy design

EHB redundancy case (8): Bosch execution module redundancy design (1)

EHB redundancy case (8): Bosch execution module redundancy design (2)

EHB redundancy case (8): Bosch execution module redundancy design (3)

EHB redundancy case (9): Continental Group MK Cx HAD redundancy drive-by-wire braking system (1)

EHB redundancy case (9): Continental Group MK Cx HAD redundancy drive-by-wire braking system (2)

EHB redundancy case (9): Continental Group KC1 vs. MKC2 comparison

EHB redundancy case (10): United Electronics vehicle motion domain controller VCU8.5 redundancy design (1)

EHB redundancy case (10): United Electronics vehicle motion domain controller VCU8.5 redundancy design (2)

Braking system technology route two: EMB (Electronic Mechanical Braking System)

Braking system technology route two: EMB (Electronic Mechanical Braking System)

Braking system technology route two: Some companies are laying out EMB products

EMB redundancy case (1): Tongyu Automotive EMB redundancy design

EMB redundancy case (2): Gelubo EMB redundancy scheme layout (1)

EMB redundancy case (2): Gelubo EMB redundancy scheme layout (2)

EMB redundancy case (2): Gelubo EMB redundancy scheme layout (3)

EMB redundancy case (3): Likr Technology EMB braking system

EMB redundancy case (4): Gelubo e-Pedal 2.0 redundancy design

EMB redundancy case (5): Times Intelligent integrated intelligent chassis drive-by-wire redundancy design

2.4 Execution (Steering) Redundancy

Steering system technology evolution route: Electric power steering drive-by-wire development (1)

Steering system technology evolution route: Electric power steering drive-by-wire development (2)

EPS redundancy scheme one: Mechanical system + TAS + electronic control composition redundancy EPS system

EPS redundancy scheme two: Two independent EPS redundancy systems

Redundant EPS key technology (1): Redundancy strategy and safety mechanism

Redundant EPS key technology (2): Advanced assistance algorithm architecture

Redundant EPS key technology (3): External request control function

EPS redundancy case (1): Jingwei Hengrun steering redundancy R-EPS

EPS redundancy case (2): Gelubo steering redundancy system

EPS redundancy case (2): Gelubo steering system development plan

EPS redundancy case (3): Deku Intelligent full redundancy intelligent steering solution (1)

EPS redundancy case (3): Deku Intelligent full redundancy intelligent steering solution (2)

EPS redundancy case (4): Yunkai Technology steering redundancy design

EPS redundancy case (5): Handing Intelligent Technology steering redundancy product (1)

EPS redundancy case (5): Handing Intelligent Technology steering redundancy product (2)

EPS redundancy case (6): Bosch execution module redundancy design (1)

EPS redundancy case (6): Bosch execution module redundancy design (2)

EPS redundancy case (7): Nansen steering system redundancy design

SBW redundancy scheme one: Dual redundancy system integrated design (1)

SBW redundancy scheme one: Dual redundancy system integrated design (2)

SBW redundancy scheme one: Dual redundancy system integrated design (3)

Redundant SBW key technology

SBW redundancy case (1): Hive steering high-safety drive-by-wire steering system

SBW redundancy case (1): Hive steering high-safety drive-by-wire steering system’s three redundancy design

SBW redundancy case (2): Handing Intelligent Technology SBW system redundancy design (1)

SBW redundancy case (2): Handing Intelligent Technology SBW system redundancy design (2)

2.5 Execution (Driving) Redundancy

Driving redundancy scheme: Two driving units mutually redundant

Driving redundancy case (1): Huawei multi-in-one electric drive system DriveONE redundancy design

Driving redundancy case (2): Full redundancy electronic control scheme based on dual three-phase brushless DC motors

Driving redundancy case (3): BYD Easy Four Square platform four motor independent driving mode

2.6 Power Supply Redundancy

Power supply redundancy scheme one: 12V dual-path redundancy power supply system (1)

Power supply redundancy scheme one: 12V dual-path redundancy power supply system (2)

Power supply redundancy scheme one: 12V dual-path redundancy power supply system, primary power supply scheme (1)

Power supply redundancy scheme one: 12V dual-path redundancy power supply system, primary power supply scheme (2)

Power supply redundancy scheme one: 12V dual-path redundancy power supply system, primary power supply scheme (3)

Power supply redundancy scheme one: 12V dual-path redundancy power supply system, secondary redundancy power supply (1)

Power supply redundancy scheme one: 12V dual-path redundancy power supply system, secondary redundancy power supply (2)

Power supply redundancy scheme one: Redundant design of high voltage + DCDC + 12V low voltage battery dual-channel power supply network (1)

Power supply redundancy scheme one: Redundant design of high voltage + DCDC + 12V low voltage battery dual-channel power supply network (2)

Power supply redundancy scheme two: 48V + 12V redundancy power supply network

Power supply redundancy scheme two: 48V can serve as a third voltage rail outside the 12V power supply and high voltage power supply

Power supply redundancy scheme two: L3 level autonomous driving power supply redundancy scheme (1)

Power supply redundancy scheme two: L3 level autonomous driving power supply redundancy scheme (2)

Power supply redundancy scheme (1): United Electronics regional controller power supply center redundancy design (1)

Power supply redundancy scheme (1): United Electronics regional controller power supply center redundancy design (2)

Power supply redundancy scheme (2): Aptiv power redundancy (1)

Power supply redundancy scheme (2): Aptiv power redundancy (2)

Power supply redundancy scheme (3): Jinmai Electronics dual-path redundancy power supply system design

2.7 Communication Redundancy

Communication redundancy scheme one: Setting multiple redundant channels between domains (1)

Communication redundancy scheme one: Setting multiple redundant channels between domains (2)

Communication redundancy scheme one: Setting multiple redundant channels between domains (3)

Communication redundancy scheme two: Building ring Ethernet architecture between domains

Communication redundancy scheme three: Tesla daisy chain communication loop

Communication redundancy case (1)

Communication redundancy case (2)

Communication redundancy case (3)

Communication redundancy case (4)

Communication redundancy case (5)

Communication redundancy case (6)

Communication redundancy case (7)

Communication redundancy case (8)

2.8 Comparison of Domestic and Foreign Supplier Redundant Systems

Summary of domestic and foreign supplier redundant systems (1)

Summary of domestic and foreign supplier redundant systems (2)

Summary of domestic and foreign supplier redundant systems (3)

Bosch autonomous driving system overall redundancy design scheme

Times Intelligent integrated intelligent chassis CIIC redundancy architecture design scheme

3.1 Great Wall Motors

Great Wall Motors Coffee Intelligent Six Major Safety Redundant Systems

Great Wall Motors Coffee Intelligent Six Major Safety Redundant Systems Perception Redundancy: Multi-source heterogeneous sensor solutions

Great Wall Motors Coffee Intelligent Six Major Safety Redundant Systems Controller Redundancy, Architecture Redundancy

Great Wall Motors Coffee Intelligent Six Major Safety Redundant Systems Power Supply Redundancy, Braking Redundancy

Great Wall Motors Coffee Intelligent Six Major Safety Redundant Systems Steering Redundancy: Fully redundant steering system

Redundant systems equipped on Great Wall’s Mecha Dragon

3.2 Changan Automobile

Changan Automobile Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

Changan Automobile EPA1 E/E architecture decision redundancy design: Multi-chip redundancy

Changan Automobile EPA1 E/E architecture execution redundancy design: Dual redundancy braking system

Changan Automobile SDA E/E architecture perception redundancy design: Fusion perception system

Changan Automobile SDA E/E architecture communication redundancy design: ETH, CANFD dual redundancy channels

Changan Automobile SDA E/E architecture software and hardware redundancy design

3.3 GAC Group

GAC Group Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

GAC Group ADiGO PILOT intelligent driving system eight major redundancy systems

GAC Group ADiGO PILOT intelligent driving system perception redundancy: Multi-source heterogeneous sensor solutions

GAC Group ADiGO PILOT intelligent driving system perception redundancy: Urban NDA multi-sensor fusion perception scheme

GAC Group ADiGO PILOT intelligent driving system architecture redundancy, algorithm redundancy

GAC Group ADiGO PILOT intelligent driving system power supply redundancy: Dual power supply network

3.4 Dongfeng Motor

Dongfeng Motor Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

Dongfeng Motor integrated chassis system redundancy design

Dongfeng Motor integrated chassis drive-by-wire braking redundancy structure

Dongfeng Motor integrated chassis drive-by-wire components redundancy design (1)

Dongfeng Motor integrated chassis drive-by-wire components redundancy design (2)

Dongfeng Motor integrated chassis drive-by-wire software and hardware redundancy design (1)

Dongfeng Motor integrated chassis drive-by-wire software and hardware redundancy design (2)

3.5 BYD

BYD Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

BYD “Xuanji” E/E architecture decision redundancy design (1)

BYD “Xuanji” E/E architecture perception redundancy design (2)

BYD “Xuanji” E/E architecture communication redundancy design (3)

BYD e3.0 Evo platform power control system redundancy design

BYD Easy Four Square platform driving architecture redundancy design (1)

BYD Easy Four Square platform driving architecture redundancy design (2)

3.6 FAW Group

FAW Group Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

FAW Hongqi FEEA3.0 E/E architecture redundancy design (1)

FAW Hongqi FEEA3.0 E/E architecture redundancy design (2)

FAW Hongqi FEEA3.0 E/E architecture redundancy design (3)

FAW Hongqi FEEA3.0 E/E architecture power supply redundancy design: Dual power supply network

3.7 NIO

NIO NT3.0 platform and NT2.0 platform redundancy strategy comparison

NIO NT3.0 platform seven-fold safety redundancy design

NIO NT2.0 platform perception redundancy design: Aquila super sensor system + IMU + V2X multi-scheme verification perception

NIO perception redundancy scheme: Aquila super sensor system

NIO decision redundancy design: Central computing platform ADAM, adopting multi-ECU redundancy scheme (1)

NIO decision redundancy design: Central computing platform ADAM, adopting multi-ECU redundancy scheme (2)

NIO decision redundancy design: Central computing platform ADAM, adopting multi-ECU redundancy scheme (3)

NIO execution redundancy scheme: Chassis domain controller ICC redundancy design

NIO power supply redundancy design: Dual power supply layout (1)

NIO power supply redundancy design: Dual power supply layout (2)

NIO ET9 seven-fold safety redundancy design scheme

3.8 XPeng Motors

XPeng Motors Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

XPeng Motors XPILOT autonomous driving system redundancy design (1)

XPeng Motors XPILOT autonomous driving system redundancy design (2)

XPeng Motors X-EEA 3.0 architecture redundancy design

XPeng Motors X-EEA 3.5 architecture redundancy design (1)

XPeng Motors X-EEA 3.5 architecture redundancy design (2)

XPeng Motors X-EEA 3.5 architecture redundancy design (3)

XPeng Cang Hai platform redundancy design

XPeng Motors hardware redundancy system design (1)

XPeng Motors hardware redundancy system design (2)

3.9 Zhi Ji Motors

Zhi Ji Motors Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

Zhi Ji Motors decision redundancy: Central brain ZXD2 (cabin driving fusion) Horizon J6 + Qualcomm, multi-ECU redundancy scheme (1)

Zhi Ji Motors decision redundancy: Central brain ZXD2 (cabin driving fusion) Horizon J6 + Qualcomm, multi-ECU redundancy scheme (2)

Zhi Ji Motors all-domain motion control platform VMC redundancy design

Zhi Ji Motors IM AD system redundancy design

3.10 Leap Motor

Leap Motor Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

Leap Motor [Four-leaf Clover] integrated architecture redundancy design (1)

Leap Motor [Four-leaf Clover] integrated architecture redundancy design (2)

3.11 Nezha Motors

Nezha Motors Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

Nezha Motors “Shanhai 2.0” E/E architecture design (1)

Nezha Motors “Shanhai 2.0” E/E architecture design (2)

Nezha Motors Haozhi central supercomputing platform redundancy design

Nezha GT dual redundancy intelligent steering system design

3.12 Jidu Motors

Jidu Motors Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

Jidu Motors functional safety design of algorithm redundancy, perception redundancy

Jidu Motors functional safety design of perception redundancy, architecture redundancy

Jidu Motors functional safety design of controller redundancy

3.13 Jihe Motors

Jihe Motors Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

Jihe Motors IMC platform architecture design

3.14 BMW

BMW Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

BMW Personal Pilot L3 redundancy design of perception redundancy, chip redundancy

BMW Personal Pilot L3 redundancy design of architecture redundancy, system redundancy

BMW fail-operational driving system redundancy design

3.15 Volvo

Volvo Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

Volvo safety redundancy vehicle control system (1)

Volvo safety redundancy vehicle control system (2)

Volvo safety redundancy vehicle control system (3)

Volvo SPA2 architecture: Three computer clusters VCU + regional controller VIU

Volvo SPA 2 multi-domain hybrid architecture: System topology

Volvo autonomous driving truck redundancy safety technology

3.16 Tesla

Tesla Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

Tesla HW1.0—HW4.0 autonomous driving perception scheme iteration process

Tesla perception redundancy

Tesla chip redundancy—HW3.0 chip redundancy

Tesla chip redundancy—HW4.0 chip redundancy

Tesla braking redundancy

Tesla steering redundancy

Tesla computer redundancy, battery redundancy patents

Tesla VCFront’s power supply redundancy and isolation design

Tesla Cybertruck drive-by-wire steering system redundancy design

3.17 Mercedes-Benz

Mercedes-Benz Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

Mercedes-Benz DRIVE PILOT system redundancy design (1)

Mercedes-Benz DRIVE PILOT system redundancy design (2)

Mercedes-Benz STAR3 Domain dual 12V power supply architecture design

3.18 Comparison of Various Categories of OEM Redundant Systems

Summary of OEM perception redundancy systems (1)

Summary of OEM perception redundancy systems (2)

Summary of OEM perception redundancy systems (3)

Summary of OEM control redundancy systems (1)

Summary of OEM control redundancy systems (2)

Summary of OEM steering redundancy systems

Summary of OEM braking redundancy systems

Summary of OEM power supply redundancy systems

Summary of OEM communication redundancy systems (1)

Summary of OEM communication redundancy systems (2)

L4 Autonomous Driving Company Redundant Systems Summary (1)

L4 Autonomous Driving Company Redundant Systems Summary (2)

4.1 Baidu Apollo

Baidu Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

Apollo autonomous vehicle redundancy design (1)

Apollo autonomous vehicle redundancy design (2)

Baidu Galaxy architecture platform

4.2 WeRide

WeRide Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

WeRide One

WeRide One redundancy system design (1)

WeRide One redundancy system design (2)

WeRide One redundancy system design (3)

4.3 Yuanrong Qixing

Yuanrong Qixing Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

Yuanrong Qixing perception redundancy design (1)

Yuanrong Qixing perception redundancy design (2)

Yuanrong Qixing perception redundancy design (3)

Yuanrong Qixing chip redundancy design

4.4 Yunji Zhixing

Yunji Zhixing Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

Yunji Zhixing high redundancy system design

Yunji Zhixing robot computing platform redundancy design

4.5 QCraft

QCraft Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

QCraft Driven-by-QCraft autonomous driving redundancy design (1)

QCraft Driven-by-QCraft autonomous driving redundancy design (2)

QCraft autonomous driving sensor kit redundancy design

4.6 Momenta

Momenta Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

Mpilot/MSD autonomous driving solution redundancy design (1)

Mpilot/MSD autonomous driving solution redundancy design (2)

Momenta provides the perception redundancy solution for Great Wall’s Mecha Dragon

Momenta 5.0 high-level intelligent driving system redundancy design

4.7 AutoX

AutoX Gen5 fifth-generation autonomous driving system redundancy design

AutoX full-stack redundancy design (1)

AutoX full-stack redundancy design (2)

4.8 Didi Autonomous Driving

Didi Twin Star platform multi-layer safety redundancy design (1)

Didi Twin Star platform multi-layer safety redundancy design (2)

Didi Autonomous Driving next-generation Robotaxi model redundancy design

4.9 Zhi Xing Zhe

Zhi Xing Zhe H-INP advanced driver assistance system redundancy design

Zhi Xing Zhe integrated intelligent driving system redundancy design

4.10 Waymo

Waymo Advanced Driver Assistance Redundant System Design Scheme

Waymo autonomous driving system redundancy design (1)

Waymo autonomous driving system redundancy design (2)

Waymo autonomous driving system redundancy design (3)

Waymo truck redundancy design (1)

Waymo truck redundancy design (2)

Zosi 2025 Research Report Writing Plan

Cloud and AI
Vehicle Cloud	OTA Research	Autonomous Driving Simulation
Automotive Cloud Service Research	Autonomous Driving Map
TSP and Application Services	V2X and Vehicle-Road Collaboration
Data Closed Loop Research	Roadside Intelligent Perception
Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration Research
AI Large Models	Automotive AI Large Model Research	Impact of AI Large Models on Vehicle Intelligence
Cockpit AI Agent	In-Vehicle AI Agent Product Development and Commercialization
Smart Driving System Integration and Application Layer
Autonomous Driving Application Framework	ADAS and Autonomous Driving Tier 1 – Domestic	Self-owned Brand ADAS
ADAS and Autonomous Driving Tier 1 – Foreign	Foreign OEM ADAS Research
L3/L4 Autonomous Driving and Startups	Ideal L8/L9 Function Disassembly
Top 10 Intelligent Driving Tier 1 Comparison
Autonomous Driving Algorithms and Systems	End-to-End Intelligent Driving Research	Integrated Driving and Parking Research
Redundant Systems	Cabin Parking Integration
Intelligent Driving Fusion Algorithms	Cabin Driving Parking Fusion
Automotive Vision Algorithms	Unmanned Delivery Vehicle
Navigation Assisted Driving (NOA)
Perception	Millimeter-Wave Radar	Automotive Vision
LiDAR Research	Infrared Night Vision
LiDAR Core Components	Vehicle Ultrasonic Radar
Software Defined Radar	In-Vehicle Cameras Tier 2
Intelligent Cabin System Integration and Application Layer
Intelligent Cabin Application Framework	Intelligent Cabin Tier 1	Cabin Design Trends
Intelligent Cabin Platform
Cabin Display	In-Vehicle VR/AR/MR Research	HUD Industry Chain
Instrument and Central Control Display	Electronic Rearview Mirror
Cabin Multi-Screen and Linked Screens	Driving Recorder
HUD Industry Research	Intelligent Glass
Cabin Interaction	In-Vehicle Voice	In-Vehicle Fragrance and Air Purification
In-Cabin Monitoring Research	Automotive Sound System
Automotive Multi-Modal Interaction	Intelligent Surfaces
Gesture Interaction Development
Cabin Interconnect Entertainment and Ecology	Automotive Ecological Domain	Self-owned Brand Vehicle Networking
Automotive Digital Key	Joint Venture Brand Vehicle Networking
In-Vehicle Payment	New Force Brand Vehicle Networking
In-Vehicle Information Entertainment	Commercial Vehicle Vehicle Networking
Automotive eCall System	Commercial Vehicle Intelligent Cabin
Other Cabin	Automotive Comfort System	Intelligent Door
Automotive Lighting	Shanghai Auto Show 75 Trends
In-Vehicle Wireless Charging	Two-Wheeled Vehicle Intelligence
OS and Supporting Layers
SDV Framework	Software Defined Vehicle	Automotive Software Business Model
Basic Software/System Platform	AUTOSAR Research	Automotive Operating System
Digital Instrument OS
Information Security/Functional Safety	Automotive Information Security	Automotive Functional Safety
Electronic and Electrical Architecture Layer
E/E Architecture Framework	E/E Architecture	Automotive Electronics OEM
48V Low Voltage Power Supply Network
Intelligent Driving Domain	Autonomous Driving SoC	ADAS Domain Control Components
Autonomous Driving Domain Control
Cabin Domain	Intelligent Cabin Platform	Cabin Domain Control
Cabin SoC	8295 Cabin Domain Controller Disassembly
Vehicle Control Domain	Body (Region) Domain Control Research	Automotive VCU Research
Electric Drive and Power Domain Controllers
Communication/Network Domain	In-Vehicle Communication Chips	Commercial Vehicle T-Box
Wireless Communication Modules	High-Precision Positioning
Automotive Gateway	In-Vehicle Antennas
Passenger Car T-Box	Automotive UWB Research
Cross-Domain Fusion	Multi-Domain Computing and Regional Controllers
Regional and Central Computing	Body (Region) Domain Control Research
Other Chips	Automotive MCU Research	Vehicle RISC-V Research
In-Vehicle Storage Chips	Sensor Chips
Power Management Chips	Automotive CIS Research
Power Layer
Power	Hybrid Power Report	Power Management Chips
800V High Voltage Platform	Electric Drive and Power Domain Research
IGBT and SiC Research
Energy	Integrated Battery	Charging and Discharging Research
Fuel Cells	Mobile Charging Robots
Solid-State Batteries	Digital Power and Chips
Others	Thermal Management Systems	Integrated Die Casting
Mechanical Layer
Chassis/Execution	Passenger Car Chassis Domain Control	Electronic Control Suspension
Drive-by-Wire & AEB	Key Components of Intelligent Steering
Steering System	Commercial Vehicle Intelligent Chassis
Other Macros
Model Platform	OEM Modular Platform	OEM Model Planning Research
Going Global	OEM Overseas Layout
Policies, Standards, and Access	Intelligent Driving Regulations and Vehicle Globalization	Autonomous Driving Standards and Certification
AI Robots	PBV and Automotive Robots	Unmanned Delivery Vehicles
Mobile Charging Robots	Flying Cars

「Zosi Research Monthly Report」

ADAS/Intelligent Vehicle Monthly Report | Automotive Cabin Electronics Monthly Report | Sensor Monthly Report | Battery, Motor, Electronic Control Monthly Report | In-Vehicle Information System Monthly Report| Black Technology Monthly Report

「Contact Information」

Mobile number same as WeChat number

Industry Research Department丨 Mr. Fu 15810027571

Mr. Zhao 18702148304

Data Service Department丨 Ms. Zhang 13716037793

Strategic Consulting Department丨 Ms. Han 15810133447

Promotion and Communication Department｜ Ms. Liao 13718845418