Overview of Python Standard Library

Biomechanics Laboratory:

A must-read public account in the field of biomechanics

The Python Standard Library is a collection of modules that can be used without needing to install them via pip. Below is an introduction to all standard libraries:

Text Processing Services

```
string
```
— Common string operations
```
string.templatelib
```
— Support for template string literals
```
re
```
— Regular expression operations
```
difflib
```
— Helpers for computing deltas
```
textwrap
```
— Text wrapping and filling
```
unicodedata
```
— Unicode Database
```
stringprep
```
— Internet String Preparation
```
readline
```
— GNU readline interface
```
rlcompleter
```
— Completion function for GNU readline

Binary Data Services

```
struct
```
— Interpret bytes as packed binary data
```
codecs
```
— Codec registry and base classes

Data Types

```
datetime
```
— Basic date and time types
```
zoneinfo
```
— IANA time zone support
```
calendar
```
— General calendar-related functions
```
collections
```
— Container datatypes
```
collections.abc
```
— Abstract Base Classes for Containers
```
heapq
```
— Heap queue algorithm
```
bisect
```
— Array bisection algorithm
```
array
```
— Efficient arrays of numeric values
```
weakref
```
— Weak references
```
types
```
— Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
```
copy
```
— Shallow and deep copy operations
```
pprint
```
— Data pretty printer
```
reprlib
```
— Alternate
```
repr()
```
implementation
```
enum
```
— Support for enumerations
```
graphlib
```
— Functionality to operate with graph-like structures

Numeric and Mathematical Modules

```
numbers
```
— Numeric abstract base classes
```
math
```
— Mathematical functions
```
cmath
```
— Mathematical functions for complex numbers
```
decimal
```
— Decimal fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic
```
fractions
```
— Rational numbers
```
random
```
— Generate pseudo-random numbers
```
statistics
```
— Mathematical statistics functions

Functional Programming Modules

```
itertools
```
— Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
```
functools
```
— Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
```
operator
```
— Standard operators as functions

File and Directory Access

```
pathlib
```
— Object-oriented filesystem paths
```
os.path
```
— Common pathname manipulations
```
stat
```
— Interpreting
```
stat()
```
results
```
filecmp
```
— File and Directory Comparisons
```
tempfile
```
— Generate temporary files and directories
```
glob
```
— Unix style pathname pattern expansion
```
fnmatch
```
— Unix filename pattern matching
```
linecache
```
— Random access to text lines
```
shutil
```
— High-level file operations

Data Persistence

```
pickle
```
— Python object serialization
```
copyreg
```
— Register
```
pickle
```
support functions
```
shelve
```
— Python object persistence
```
marshal
```
— Internal Python object serialization
```
dbm
```
— Interfaces to Unix “databases”
```
sqlite3
```
— DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases

Data Compression and Archiving

The
```
compression
```
package
```
compression.zstd
```
— Compression compatible with the Zstandard format
```
zlib
```
— Compression compatible with gzip
```
gzip
```
— Support for gzip files
```
bz2
```
— Support for bzip2 compression
```
lzma
```
— Compression using the LZMA algorithm
```
zipfile
```
— Work with ZIP archives
```
tarfile
```
— Read and write tar archive files

File Formats

```
csv
```
— CSV File Reading and Writing
```
configparser
```
— Configuration file parser
```
tomllib
```
— Parse TOML files
```
netrc
```
— netrc file processing
```
plistlib
```
— Generate and parse Apple
```
.plist
```
files

Cryptographic Services

```
hashlib
```
— Secure hashes and message digests
```
hmac
```
— Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
```
secrets
```
— Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets

Generic Operating System Services

```
os
```
— Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
```
io
```
— Core tools for working with streams
```
time
```
— Time access and conversions
```
logging
```
— Logging facility for Python
```
logging.config
```
— Logging configuration
```
logging.handlers
```
— Logging handlers
```
platform
```
— Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
```
errno
```
— Standard errno system symbols
```
ctypes
```
— A foreign function library for Python

Command-line interface libraries

```
argparse
```
— Parser for command-line options, arguments and subcommands
```
optparse
```
— Parser for command line options
```
getpass
```
— Portable password input
```
fileinput
```
— Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
```
curses
```
— Terminal handling for character-cell displays
```
curses.textpad
```
— Text input widget for curses programs
```
curses.ascii
```
— Utilities for ASCII characters
```
curses.panel
```
— A panel stack extension for curses
```
cmd
```
— Support for line-oriented command interpreters

Concurrent Execution

```
threading
```
— Thread-based parallelism
```
multiprocessing
```
— Process-based parallelism
```
multiprocessing.shared_memory
```
— Shared memory for direct access across processes
The
```
concurrent
```
package
```
concurrent.futures
```
— Launching parallel tasks
```
concurrent.interpreters
```
— Multiple interpreters in the same process
```
subprocess
```
— Subprocess management
```
sched
```
— Event scheduler
```
queue
```
— A synchronized queue class
```
contextvars
```
— Context Variables
```
_thread
```
— Low-level threading API

Networking and Interprocess Communication

```
asyncio
```
— Asynchronous I/O
```
socket
```
— Low-level networking interface
```
ssl
```
— TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
```
select
```
— Waiting for I/O completion
```
selectors
```
— High-level I/O multiplexing
```
signal
```
— Set handlers for asynchronous events
```
mmap
```
— Memory-mapped file support

Internet Data Handling

```
email
```
— An email and MIME handling package
```
json
```
— JSON encoder and decoder
```
mailbox
```
— Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
```
mimetypes
```
— Map filenames to MIME types
```
base64
```
— Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings
```
binascii
```
— Convert between binary and ASCII
```
quopri
```
— Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data

Structured Markup Processing Tools

```
html
```
— HyperText Markup Language support
```
html.parser
```
— Simple HTML and XHTML parser
```
html.entities
```
— Definitions of HTML general entities
XML Processing Modules
```
xml.etree.ElementTree
```
— The ElementTree XML API
```
xml.dom
```
— The Document Object Model API
```
xml.dom.minidom
```
— Minimal DOM implementation
```
xml.dom.pulldom
```
— Support for building partial DOM trees
```
xml.sax
```
— Support for SAX2 parsers
```
xml.sax.handler
```
— Base classes for SAX handlers
```
xml.sax.saxutils
```
— SAX Utilities
```
xml.sax.xmlreader
```
— Interface for XML parsers
```
xml.parsers.expat
```
— Fast XML parsing using Expat

Internet Protocols and Support

```
webbrowser
```
— Convenient web-browser controller
```
wsgiref
```
— WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
```
urllib
```
— URL handling modules
```
urllib.request
```
— Extensible library for opening URLs
```
urllib.response
```
— Response classes used by urllib
```
urllib.parse
```
— Parse URLs into components
```
urllib.error
```
— Exception classes raised by urllib.request
```
urllib.robotparser
```
— Parser for robots.txt
```
http
```
— HTTP modules
```
http.client
```
— HTTP protocol client
```
ftplib
```
— FTP protocol client
```
poplib
```
— POP3 protocol client
```
imaplib
```
— IMAP4 protocol client
```
smtplib
```
— SMTP protocol client
```
uuid
```
— UUID objects according to RFC 9562
```
socketserver
```
— A framework for network servers
```
http.server
```
— HTTP servers
```
http.cookies
```
— HTTP state management
```
http.cookiejar
```
— Cookie handling for HTTP clients
```
xmlrpc
```
— XMLRPC server and client modules
```
xmlrpc.client
```
— XML-RPC client access
```
xmlrpc.server
```
— Basic XML-RPC servers
```
ipaddress
```
— IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library

Multimedia Services

```
wave
```
— Read and write WAV files
```
colorsys
```
— Conversions between color systems

Internationalization

```
gettext
```
— Multilingual internationalization services
```
locale
```
— Internationalization services

Graphical user interfaces with Tk

```
tkinter
```
— Python interface to Tcl/Tk
```
tkinter.colorchooser
```
— Color choosing dialog
```
tkinter.font
```
— Tkinter font wrapper
Tkinter Dialogs
```
tkinter.messagebox
```
— Tkinter message prompts
```
tkinter.scrolledtext
```
— Scrolled Text Widget
```
tkinter.dnd
```
— Drag and drop support
```
tkinter.ttk
```
— Tk themed widgets
IDLE — Python editor and shell
```
turtle
```
— Turtle graphics

Development Tools

```
typing
```
— Support for type hints
```
pydoc
```
— Documentation generator and online help system
Python Development Mode
```
doctest
```
— Test interactive Python examples
```
unittest
```
— Unit testing framework
```
unittest.mock
```
— mock object library
```
unittest.mock
```
— getting started
```
test
```
— Regression tests package for Python
```
test.support
```
— Utilities for the Python test suite
```
test.support.socket_helper
```
— Utilities for socket tests
```
test.support.script_helper
```
— Utilities for the Python execution tests
```
test.support.bytecode_helper
```
— Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation
```
test.support.threading_helper
```
— Utilities for threading tests
```
test.support.os_helper
```
— Utilities for os tests
```
test.support.import_helper
```
— Utilities for import tests
```
test.support.warnings_helper
```
— Utilities for warnings tests

Debugging and Profiling

Audit events table
```
bdb
```
— Debugger framework
```
faulthandler
```
— Dump the Python traceback
```
pdb
```
— The Python Debugger
The Python Profilers
```
timeit
```
— Measure execution time of small code snippets
```
trace
```
— Trace or track Python statement execution
```
tracemalloc
```
— Trace memory allocations

Software Packaging and Distribution

```
ensurepip
```
— Bootstrapping the
```
pip
```
installer
```
venv
```
— Creation of virtual environments
```
zipapp
```
— Manage executable Python zip archives

Python Runtime Services

```
sys
```
— System-specific parameters and functions
```
sys.monitoring
```
— Execution event monitoring
```
sysconfig
```
— Provide access to Python’s configuration information
```
builtins
```
— Built-in objects
```
__main__
```
— Top-level code environment
```
warnings
```
— Warning control
```
dataclasses
```
— Data Classes
```
contextlib
```
— Utilities for
```
with
```
-statement contexts
```
abc
```
— Abstract Base Classes
```
atexit
```
— Exit handlers
```
traceback
```
— Print or retrieve a stack traceback
```
__future__
```
— Future statement definitions
```
gc
```
— Garbage Collector interface
```
inspect
```
— Inspect live objects
```
annotationlib
```
— Functionality for introspecting annotations
```
site
```
— Site-specific configuration hook

Custom Python Interpreters

```
code
```
— Interpreter base classes
```
codeop
```
— Compile Python code

Importing Modules

```
zipimport
```
— Import modules from Zip archives
```
pkgutil
```
— Package extension utility
```
modulefinder
```
— Find modules used by a script
```
runpy
```
— Locating and executing Python modules
```
importlib
```
— The implementation of
```
import
```
```
importlib.resources
```
– Package resource reading, opening and access
```
importlib.resources.abc
```
– Abstract base classes for resources
```
importlib.metadata
```
– Accessing package metadata
The initialization of the
```
sys.path
```
module search path

Python Language Services

```
ast
```
— Abstract syntax trees
```
symtable
```
— Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
```
token
```
— Constants used with Python parse trees
```
keyword
```
— Testing for Python keywords
```
tokenize
```
— Tokenizer for Python source
```
tabnanny
```
— Detection of ambiguous indentation
```
pyclbr
```
— Python module browser support
```
py_compile
```
— Compile Python source files
```
compileall
```
— Byte-compile Python libraries
```
dis
```
— Disassembler for Python bytecode
```
pickletools
```
— Tools for pickle developers

MS Windows Specific Services

```
msvcrt
```
— Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
```
winreg
```
— Windows registry access
```
winsound
```
— Sound-playing interface for Windows

Unix-specific services

```
shlex
```
— Simple lexical analysis
```
posix
```
— The most common POSIX system calls
```
pwd
```
— The password database
```
grp
```
— The group database
```
termios
```
— POSIX style tty control
```
tty
```
— Terminal control functions
```
pty
```
— Pseudo-terminal utilities
```
fcntl
```
— The
```
fcntl
```
and
```
ioctl
```
system calls
```
resource
```
— Resource usage information
```
syslog
```
— Unix syslog library routines

ref：https://docs.python.org/3/library/

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