| 2025 College Entrance Examination Chinese Language Review Materials | High School Chinese Language Required Course One Synchronized Learning Materials |
Fujian Quanzhou 2026 High School September Mock Test (1) Chinese Language Test – “Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government: Volume 15 of the Liang Dynasty”, Chen Boliang “Eight Facets of Master Yongjia: Volume 13”
Read the following classical Chinese text and complete questions 11 to 15.
Material 1:
The Cavalry Regular Attendant He Chen reported four matters. The Emperor was greatly enraged and verbally ordered a decree to reprimand Chen. Chen pointed out: “Why not clearly state: a certain governor is tyrannical, a certain magistrate is greedy and cruel? Clearly stating the matter allows for punishment and removal, and better selection of capable individuals. Courage and cowardice are different, and greed and integrity should be used accordingly; this is not the court’s responsibility to support. You say ‘to promote it with frugality.’ I rise at midnight to handle affairs, with many matters to attend to daily, often only one meal, whether day or night. For whom is this done?? It is to save the people.You also say that all departments report matters, competing for advancement, but now do not allow outsiders to present matters, who will take responsibility for it?! Those who are specifically appointed, how can they be obtained?? The delegation of Zhao Gao in the second generation, calling a deer a horse, can this also be emulated??The methods for enriching the country and strengthening the military, and the appropriateness of relieving the people and reducing their labor, should all be clearly listed! If not clearly listed, it is deceiving the court.” Chen only apologized and did not dare to speak again. Minister Guang said: “It is fitting that the High Ancestor of Liang did not end well!! Loyal ministers like Chen express the core issues to align with the Emperor’s heart, thus their words are concise and greatly beneficial. Observe that He Chen’s admonition was not even direct, yet the High Ancestor was already furious, protecting his shortcomings,boasting of his strengths. In this way, who would dare to speak more directly than Chen?! As a result, treacherous and flattering individuals are in front and unseen, great plans are overturned and unknown, names are disgraced and lives are in danger, the country is destroyed and sacrifices are cut off, becoming a laughingstock for eternity, is it not tragic?!
(Excerpt from “Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government: Volume 15 of the Liang Dynasty”)
Material 2:
Matters of the world, small matters cannot be neglected. However, one must focus on the large matters first, and then address the small ones, so that actions are appropriate. Rulers of the world, knowing that the people’s lives cannot be harmed, only weigh heavily on punishment. As for exhausting military resources, they act to please themselves without concern. Knowing where the country’s resources should be conserved, they only practice frugality in trivial matters. The Emperor Wu of Liang is known for his frugality, wearing one crown for three years, and one quilt for three years. Yet he widely builds pagodas and temples, exhausting construction resources. I fear that the frugality of Emperor Wu is only in trivial matters. This frugality is to save expenses and relieve the people, so he cannot prohibit He Chen’s words of ‘reducing his affairs and relieving his expenses.’Emperor Taizong of Tang valued human life greatly; whenever he decided on a death sentence, he would report five times over five nights. Yet he frequently waged wars to the east,exhausting the people. I fear that Emperor Taizong’s love is only for trivial matters. This is the reason why innocent people suffer and die, so he cannot stop the admonitions of Jiuling.
(Excerpt from[Southern Song] Chen Fuliang “Eight Facets of Master Yongjia: Volume 13”)
10.Among the punctuations added to the underlined parts in the text, the correct one is(3points)
A.You also say: ‘All departments report matters, competing for advancement’, now do not allow outsiders to present matters, who will take responsibility for it?!
B.You also say: ‘All departments report matters, competing for advancement’, now do not allow outsiders to present, who will take responsibility for it?!
C.You also say ‘All departments report matters, competing for advancement’, now do not allow outsiders to present matters, who will take responsibility for it?!
D.You also say ‘All departments report matters, competing for advancement’, now do not allow outsiders to present, who will take responsibility for it?!
11.Among the explanations of the underlined words and related content in the materials, the incorrect one is(3points)
A.Point, same as “will”, with “The Legend of Qu Yuan” “its text is small but its point is great” where “point” has the same meaning.
B.Thing, refers to people other than oneself, same as in the idiom “treating others and dealing with things” and “relying on talent and looking down on others” where “thing” has the same meaning.
C.Boast, pronouncedjī, to boast, different from “The Book of Rites” “to boast of the orphan, the lonely, the sick” where “boast” has different pronunciation and meaning.
D.Delegate, to abandon, different from “Mencius” “to abandon and leave it, is the land advantage not as good as the harmony of people” where “delegate” has different meaning.
12.Among the summaries of the materials, the incorrect one is(3points)
A.The Emperor Wu of Liang criticized He Chen’s vague criticism, which was of no benefit to the court’s precise accountability and the removal of treacherous officials; Sima Guang believes that valuable advice is about hitting the core issue, not about the simplicity or complexity of the words.
B.The Emperor Wu of Liang believes that the integrity of officials mainly depends on individuals, unrelated to the court; Sima Guang points out that the Emperor Wu’s self-deception and self-righteousness ultimately lead to treacherous officials gaining power and the country being destroyed.
C.In response to He Chen’s advocacy for frugality, the Emperor Wu emphasized that he has already practiced frugality and worked diligently for the people; Chen Fuliang believes that the Emperor Wu failed to translate personal frugality into governance practices of saving and loving the people.
D.The Emperor Wu cited Zhao Gao’s act of calling a deer a horse and turning black and white upside down to illustrate the serious consequences of a ruler’s bias; Chen Fuliang used Emperor Taizong’s years of warfare, causing suffering to the people, to explain the dangers of a ruler’s unilateral actions.
13.Translate the underlined sentences in the materials into modern Chinese.(8points)
(1)The methods for enriching the country and strengthening the military, and the appropriateness of relieving the people and reducing their labor, should all be clearly listed! (4points)
(2)Emperor Taizong valued human life greatly; whenever he decided on a death sentence, he would report five times over five nights.(4points)
14.Both Sima Guang and Chen Fuliang pointed out the mistakes of Emperor Wu; what are the similarities and differences in their intentions? Please briefly explain.(3points)
[Answer Explanation]
10.[Answer]C
11.[Answer]D
[Explanation]This question tests students’ understanding of the phenomenon of multiple meanings of words in classical Chinese. Both instances of “delegate” mean to abandon.
12.[Answer]D
[Explanation]This question tests students’ understanding and analysis of the text content. “Illustrating the serious consequences of a ruler’s bias” is incorrect, as it refers to the improper delegation of one person.
13.[Answer](1)(4points)The methods for enriching the country and strengthening the military, and the appropriateness of relieving the people and reducing their labor, should all be clearly listed!
(2)(4points)Emperor Taizong valued human life greatly; whenever he decided on a death sentence, he would report five times over five nights.
[Explanation]This question tests students’ ability to translate classical Chinese.
(1)Scoring points:4points. “Should”, “even if”, “sound”, “how much” each1point.
(2)Scoring points:4points. “Repeatedly”, “obtained”, “inquired”, “respected” each1point.
15.Reference Answer:
(1)Su Shi: The name of Shizhong Mountain comes from the sound of water and stone striking each other;
Xu Xiake: The Yangtze River originates from the Jinsha River, not from the Minshan.(2points. Each point1point)
(2)One must have a spirit of inquiry, conduct literature research, and carry out field investigations.(3points. Each point1point)
[Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises]
Material 1:
In-class text, omitted
Material 2:
My hometown(hometown)is locatedat (the juncture ofthe Yangtze River entering the sea), the town is named after the river, and also because the river’s momentum reaches here and becomesgrand (magnificentand about to merge into the sea (at its end). Those who grow up in this land, looking at the vast river surface (or recalling the story of Zhuan Zhu “striking the oar in the middle of the stream”), only know the grandeur of the Yangtze River, but do not understand its distant source;
even if someone traces the river and explores its source, they only believe it originates from Minshan.
I initially examined the historical records, verifying (the records of its source, the Yellow River originates from the north of Kunlun Mountain, and the Yangtze River also originates from the south of Kunlun Mountain, their distances to the sea are the same. I found that the Min River flows from Chengdu to Xuzhou (now Yibin, Sichuan), less than a thousand miles; the Jinsha River flows from Lijiang, Yunnan, and the Wumeng Mountains to Xuzhou, totaling over two thousand miles, abandoning the farther Jinsha River and revering the nearer Min River, could it be that the Yangtze River’s source is different from the Yellow River’s source?
Not at all! The source of the Yellow River has been explored many times, so it is finally known to be far; the source of the Yangtze River has never been inquired about, so it is only regarded as the nearer Min River. In fact, the Min River entering the Yangtze is like the Wei River entering the Yellow River, both are tributaries within China, while the Min River is navigable, the Jinsha River winds through the valleys and caves inhabited by the southwestern ethnic minorities (anciently called “Manliao”), making it impossible to trace upstream by both water and land. Yunnan also has two rivers called Jinsha: one flows south and then turns north, which is (the Jinsha River we refer to today) that merges into the Yangtze; the other flows south to the sea, which is the Xindu River (now the Indus River). Various local chronicles of Yunnan do not record the differences in the flow and destination of these two Jinsha Rivers, and they are mutually confused, not knowing whether they are one river or two, how can they distinguish which is the source of the Yangtze River? Since they do not know which river is farther or nearer, they only see the text in “The Book of Documents – Tribute of Yu” that says “the Min Mountain directs the Yangtze River” and thus attribute the source of the Yangtze to the Min River, not knowing that Yu’s direction was to alleviate the water disasters caused by the Yangtze to the Central Plains, not from the source of the river (“滥觞发脉” originally referred to the shallow water at the source of rivers where one could float a cup, later it generally refers to the origin of things). The direction of the Yangtze River starts from Minshan, but the source of the Yangtze does not come from Minshan. Not only this, but to the south of the Min River, there is also the Dadu River, located to the northwest of the Jinsha River, its source is also longer than the Min but not as long as the Jinsha, so those who attribute the source of the Yangtze must regard the Jinsha as the primary source.
[Reference Translation]
Material 1:
In-class text, translation omitted
Material 2:
My hometown is located at the juncture of the Yangtze River entering the sea, named after the Yangtze River, and because the river’s momentum reaches here, it becomes grand and is about to merge into the sea (at its end). Those who grow up in this land, looking at the vast river surface (or recalling the story of Zhuan Zhu “striking the oar in the middle of the stream”), only know the grandeur of the Yangtze River, but do not understand its distant source; even if someone traces the river and explores its source, they only believe it originates from Minshan.
I initially examined the historical records, verifying the records of its source, the Yellow River originates from the north of Kunlun Mountain, and the Yangtze River also originates from the south of Kunlun Mountain, their distances to the sea are the same. I found that the Min River flows from Chengdu to Xuzhou (now Yibin, Sichuan), less than a thousand miles; the Jinsha River flows from Lijiang, Yunnan, and the Wumeng Mountains to Xuzhou, totaling over two thousand miles, abandoning the farther Jinsha River and revering the nearer Min River, could it be that the Yangtze River’s source is different from the Yellow River’s source? Not at all! The source of the Yellow River has been explored many times, so it is finally known to be far; the source of the Yangtze River has never been inquired about, so it is only regarded as the nearer Min River. In fact, the Min River entering the Yangtze is like the Wei River entering the Yellow River, both are tributaries within China, while the Min River is navigable, the Jinsha River winds through the valleys and caves inhabited by the southwestern ethnic minorities (anciently called “Manliao”), making it impossible to trace upstream by both water and land. Yunnan also has two rivers called Jinsha: one flows south and then turns north, which is (the Jinsha River we refer to today) that merges into the Yangtze; the other flows south to the sea, which is the Xindu River (now the Indus River). Various local chronicles of Yunnan do not record the differences in the flow and destination of these two Jinsha Rivers, and they are mutually confused, not knowing whether they are one river or two, how can they distinguish which is the source of the Yangtze River? Since they do not know which river is farther or nearer, they only see the text in “The Book of Documents – Tribute of Yu” that says “the Min Mountain directs the Yangtze River” and thus attribute the source of the Yangtze to the Min River, not knowing that Yu’s direction was to alleviate the water disasters caused by the Yangtze to the Central Plains, not from the source of the river (“滥觞发脉” originally referred to the shallow water at the source of rivers where one could float a cup, later it generally refers to the origin of things). The direction of the Yangtze River starts from Minshan, but the source of the Yangtze does not come from Minshan. Not only this, but to the south of the Min River, there is also the Dadu River, located to the northwest of the Jinsha River, its source is also longer than the Min but not as long as the Jinsha, so those who attribute the source of the Yangtze must regard the Jinsha as the primary source.