Concept of union In Chinese, union is referred to as a union, joint, or collective. Its definition format is the same as that of a struct, but its meaning is entirely different. Below is the definition format of a union: union union_name { member_list } union_variable_name; Since its definition format is the same as that … Read more
The issue of endianness is not new in embedded development. As developers, we have a clear understanding of the endianness problem in embedded development, and here I will provide a simple summary of this issue. Endianness refers to the order of bytes in memory. There is a wealth of information available online regarding endianness, so … Read more
Introduction: In complex and dynamic fields such as automotive and industrial control, the timeliness and determinism of data transmission are crucial. In scheduling shaping mechanisms like TAS or CQF, different priority services are mapped to different queues, ensuring that high-priority services are not interfered with by low-priority services during transmission, thus guaranteeing end-to-end low latency … Read more
1. Introduction to PROFINET and PROFIBUS PROFINET and PROFIBUS are two fieldbuses launched by the PNO organization, first implemented by Siemens. The two are not comparable; PROFINET is based on industrial Ethernet, while PROFIBUS is based on RS485 serial bus. Due to the different media, the protocols of the two are completely different and have … Read more
I2C, as the most convenient and simplest onboard communication method, has certain scenarios where it is not suitable, and there are timing considerations to be aware of. Hardware Interface • Simple hardware interface with only two wires • SCL (Serial Clock) / SDA (Serial Data) • Low communication speed and low communication requirements • Fast: … Read more
In the complex world of electronic circuits, various circuit module devices need to communicate with each other to work together. The I2C interface acts as a communication bridge between these circuit module devices, and today we will take a deep dive into it. 1. Starting with a Physical Example The image below shows an I2C … Read more
In embedded systems, efficient data transmission is key to connecting processors with peripheral devices. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), as a high-speed synchronous serial communication protocol, has become the preferred solution for interactions with peripherals such as sensors, memory, and display modules due to its flexible configuration, full-duplex capability, and low-latency characteristics. This article will comprehensively … Read more
RS-485 Communication Protocol Overview The typical serial communication standards are RS-232 and RS-485, which define voltage, impedance, etc., but do not specify software protocols. The RS-485 bus standard defines the electrical characteristics of the bus interface, specifically the definitions for two logic states: a positive level between +2V and +6V represents one logic state, while … Read more
1 UART UART is an asynchronous serial communication protocol, with the full English name Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter. Unlike communication protocols such as SPI and I2C, it is also a commonly used IP in SoCs. Its greatest advantage is that it uses only two wires for communication, supporting full-duplex, meaning one wire (UTx) is used for … Read more
Zaher Baidas Vice President and General Manager of the Renesas Timing Product Division Clocks lay the foundation for the operation of every electronic device. Clock-synchronized data signals are often referred to as the metronome of the chip industry, ensuring system reliability. However, today’s timing products are no longer just about maintaining the rhythm of a … Read more