In C++, to avoid the overhead caused by function calls (mainly parameter stack pushing, jumping, returning, etc.), one can use the inline function mechanism (<span>inline</span>) to directly replace the function in the calling place during the compilation phase, similar to macro expansion in C language, but safer and more controllable than macro functions. Below, we … Read more
The ## operator in C++ macros is known as the token pasting or token concatenation operator. It is used within macro definitions to concatenate two tokens into a single token when the macro is expanded. This operator is particularly useful for creating variable names, function names, or other identifiers dynamically during preprocessing. Syntax #define CONCATENATE(token1, … Read more
In C++, file operations are mainly implemented through three classes: ifstream (input file stream) is used to read data from files; ofstream (output file stream) is used to write data to files; fstream (file stream) can perform both read and write operations. To use these classes, we need to include the <fstream> header file. Opening … Read more
C++ Data Types: Comprehensive Overview of Basic and Custom Types C++ is a strongly typed language with various data types, which can be categorized into basic data types and custom data types. In this article, we will provide a detailed introduction to the various data types in C++, including their characteristics, usage, and example code, … Read more
Nested Namespaces In C++, namespaces can be nested, which helps further organize code and avoid name conflicts. For example: #include <iostream> namespace Outer { namespace Inner { void printMessage() { std::cout << "This is a message from the Inner namespace." << std::endl; } } } int main() { Outer::Inner::printMessage(); return 0; } In this code, … Read more
Pointer Operations Pointer operations give it powerful functionality. In addition to the dereference operation (*) and the address-of operation (&), pointers also support some arithmetic operations. For example, pointers can perform addition and subtraction, but it is important to note that pointer addition and subtraction are not simple numerical addition or subtraction; they are based … Read more
Deep Understanding of Exception Class Hierarchy The C++ Standard Library provides a rich set of exception classes that form a hierarchy. std::exception is the base class for all exception classes, defining a virtual function what() to return a string describing the exception. For example: #include <iostream> #include <exception> int main() { try { throw std::exception(); … Read more
Exploring the Mongoose Framework mongoose is a lightweight, cross-platform C/C++ networking library that helps us quickly set up a web server, handle HTTP requests, and implement WebSocket communication, among other features. Its simple interface and rich functionality make it an ideal choice for beginners in C++ web programming. Before using mongoose, ensure that it has … Read more
Basic Concepts of Multithreading In C++, multithreading allows us to split a program into multiple threads that can run simultaneously. Each thread has its own execution path, and they can share resources of the process, such as memory space, file descriptors, etc. This is different from Python’s multithreading, where due to the Global Interpreter Lock … Read more
C++ Constructors: Initialization Lists, Default, and Copy Constructors In C++, a constructor is a special member function of a class used to initialize objects. This article will detail the constructors in C++, including the default constructor, copy constructor, and the use of initialization lists for member variable initialization. What is a Constructor? A constructor is … Read more