Summary of Linux Server Hardware Information Queries and Daily Maintenance Commands

1. Server Hardware Information Queries

1.1 CPU Information Queries

Command	Function Description	Example
`<span>lscpu</span>`	Displays CPU architecture, number of cores, number of threads, etc.	`<span>lscpu</span>`
`<span>cat /proc/cpuinfo</span>`	Detailed CPU information (model, cache, frequency)	`<span>cat /proc/cpuinfo</span>`
`<span>lshw -C cpu</span>`	View detailed CPU information (vendor, number of cores, instruction set)	`<span>sudo lshw -C cpu</span>`
`<span>nproc</span>`	View the number of logical CPU cores	`<span>nproc</span>`
`<span>mpstat</span>`	Monitor CPU usage (requires installation of `<span>sysstat</span>`)	`<span>mpstat 1 5</span>`

1.2 Memory Information Queries

Command	Function Description	Example
`<span>free -h</span>`	View memory usage (in GB/MB)	`<span>free -h</span>`
`<span>vmstat</span>`	View memory, swap, IO, etc.	`<span>vmstat 1 5</span>`
`<span>dmidecode -t memory</span>`	View physical memory slot information	`<span>sudo dmidecode -t memory</span>`
`<span>lshw -C memory</span>`	View detailed memory configuration	`<span>sudo lshw -C memory</span>`
`<span>top</span>` / `<span>htop</span>`	Real-time monitoring of memory usage	`<span>htop</span>`

1.3 Disk and Storage Information

Command	Function Description	Example
`<span>lsblk</span>`	View disk partitions and mount points	`<span>lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,FSTYPE,MOUNTPOINT</span>`
`<span>df -h</span>`	View disk space usage	`<span>df -h</span>`
`<span>fdisk -l</span>`	View all disk partitions	`<span>sudo fdisk -l</span>`
`<span>lshw -C disk</span>`	View detailed disk information (vendor, capacity)	`<span>sudo lshw -C disk</span>`
`<span>smartctl</span>`	Check hard disk health status (requires installation of `<span>smartmontools</span>`)	`<span>sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda</span>`
`<span>iostat</span>`	Monitor disk IO performance	`<span>iostat -x 1 5</span>`

1.4 Network Information Queries

Command	Function Description	Example
`<span>ip a</span>` / `<span>ifconfig</span>`	View network card IP and MAC addresses	`<span>ip a</span>`
`<span>ethtool</span>`	View network card speed and duplex mode	`<span>ethtool eth0</span>`
`<span>lshw -C network</span>`	View network card hardware information	`<span>sudo lshw -C network</span>`
`<span>ss -tulnp</span>`	View open ports and processes	`<span>ss -tulnp</span>`
`<span>netstat -tulnp</span>`	View network connection status	`<span>netstat -tulnp</span>`
`<span>ping</span>` / `<span>traceroute</span>`	Test network connectivity	`<span>ping google.com</span>`

1.5 Motherboard and BIOS Information

Command	Function Description	Example
`<span>dmidecode -t system</span>`	View server vendor, model, serial number	`<span>sudo dmidecode -t system</span>`
`<span>dmidecode -t bios</span>`	View BIOS version and date	`<span>sudo dmidecode -t bios</span>`
`<span>lshw -C system</span>`	View motherboard information	`<span>sudo lshw -C system</span>`

2. Installed Software Queries and Management

2.1 Query Installed Software

Command	Function Description	Example
`<span>dpkg -l</span>` (Debian/Ubuntu)	View all installed software	`<span>dpkg -l</span>`
`<span>rpm -qa</span>` (RHEL/CentOS)	View all installed RPM packages	`<span>rpm -qa</span>`
`<span>apt list --installed</span>`	View software managed by APT	`<span>apt list --installed</span>`
`<span>yum list installed</span>`	View software managed by YUM	`<span>yum list installed</span>`
`<span>snap list</span>`	View installed Snap software	`<span>snap list</span>`

2.2 Package Management

Command	Function Description	Example
`<span>apt install</span>` (Debian/Ubuntu)	Install software	`<span>sudo apt install nginx</span>`
`<span>yum install</span>` (RHEL/CentOS)	Install software	`<span>sudo yum install nginx</span>`
`<span>apt remove</span>`	Uninstall software	`<span>sudo apt remove nginx</span>`
`<span>yum remove</span>`	Uninstall software	`<span>sudo yum remove nginx</span>`
`<span>apt update</span>`	Update software sources	`<span>sudo apt update</span>`
`<span>yum update</span>`	Update software	`<span>sudo yum update</span>`

3. Common Commands for Daily Maintenance

3.1 System Monitoring

Command	Function Description	Example
`<span>top</span>` / `<span>htop</span>`	Real-time monitoring of CPU, memory, processes	`<span>htop</span>`
`<span>uptime</span>`	View system uptime	`<span>uptime</span>`
`<span>dmesg</span>`	View kernel logs	`dmesg
`<span>journalctl</span>`	View systemd logs	`<span>journalctl -u nginx</span>`
`<span>sar</span>`	System performance history (requires installation of `<span>sysstat</span>`)	`<span>sar -u 1 5</span>`

3.2 Process Management

Command	Function Description	Example
`<span>ps aux</span>`	View all processes	ps aux
`<span>kill</span>` / `<span>pkill</span>`	Terminate processes	`<span>kill -9 1234</span>`
`<span>systemctl</span>`	Manage system services	`<span>systemctl restart nginx</span>`
`<span>crontab -l</span>`	View scheduled tasks	`<span>crontab -l</span>`

3.3 File and Log Management

Command	Function Description	Example
`<span>find</span>`	Find files	`<span>find / -name "nginx.conf"</span>`
`<span>grep</span>`	Search file contents	`<span>grep "error" /var/log/nginx/error.log</span>`
`<span>tail -f</span>`	Real-time view of logs	`<span>tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log</span>`
`<span>du -sh</span>`	View directory size	`<span>du -sh /var/log/</span>`
`<span>rsync</span>`	Remote file synchronization	`<span>rsync -avz /backup/ user@remote:/backup/</span>`

4. Summary

4.1 Hardware Information Queries

CPU：lscpu、lshw -C cpu
Memory：free -h、dmidecode -t memory
Disk：lsblk、smartctl
Network：ip a、ethtool
Motherboard：dmidecode -t system

The table is as follows:

4.2 Software Management

Query：dpkg -l、rpm -qa
Install/Uninstall：apt install、yum remove

4.3 Daily Maintenance

Monitoring：htop、sar
Processes：ps aux、systemctl
Logs：journalctl、tail -f

Mastering these commands can efficiently manage Linux servers and quickly troubleshoot hardware and software issues!