In some provinces, the computer science exam is a mandatory subject for higher education transition.Computer science is considered relatively simple and can quickly boost scores; its review method is similar to that of liberal arts subjects. To successfully pass the computer science exam for higher education transition, the key is to “memorize”.
Today, Xuexin has compiled the basic knowledge points for computer science in higher education transition for candidates preparing for the exam. Be sure to review it carefully.
Essential Knowledge Points for Computer Science in Higher Education Transition1. The symbolization of information is data, so data is the specific representation of information, while information is the logical meaning abstracted from data. 2. Information technology refers to the relevant technologies for acquiring, storing, transmitting, processing, developing, and utilizing information resources. 3. The core of culture is: concepts and values. 4. Computer culture is one of the four milestones in the development of human culture (the first three are: the emergence of language, the use of writing, and the invention of printing). 5. The characteristics of computers are: 1) fast computation speed 2) large storage capacity 3) strong versatility 4) automation 5) high precision. 6. Word length is the actual number of bits that a computer can process at one time, and it is an important indicator of computing performance. 7. Word length refers to the number of binary data bits that the arithmetic unit of a computer can process simultaneously, which is closely related to the computer’s functions and uses. 8. Character encoding is mainly ASCII code, which stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. 9. When representing Chinese characters internally in a computer, the highest bit of the two bytes of the exchange code (national standard code) is changed to 1, referred to as “internal code”. 10. There are usually two methods for recording the shape of Chinese characters: dot matrix method and vector method, corresponding to two types of character encoding: dot matrix code and vector code. 11. A 16×16 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 32 bytes, while a 32×32 dot matrix Chinese character occupies 128 bytes, and dot matrix codes are difficult to scale and prone to distortion. 12. Chinese character input codes can be divided into four types: flow code, phonetic code, shape code, and combined phonetic-shape code. Full pinyin input method, intelligent ABC, and Microsoft Pinyin are phonetic codes, while Wubi input method is a shape code. Phonetic codes have many duplicates and slow input speed; shape codes have fewer duplicates and faster input speed, but are more difficult to learn and master. Currently, intelligent ABC, Microsoft Pinyin, Zhiguang Pinyin input method, and Sogou input method are the mainstream Chinese character input methods. 13. A computer system consists of hardware and software systems, with the software system further divided into system software and application software, among which the operating system is the most important system software. 14. A computer without any configured software is called bare metal. 15. Common input devices include: mouse, keyboard, scanner, digitizer, digital camera, barcode reader, digital camera, A/D converter, etc. 16. The controller and arithmetic unit are collectively referred to as the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It is the core component of the computer. 17. The most commonly used output devices are monitors, printers, and speakers, as well as plotters and various D/A converters. 18. From the perspective of information input and output, disk drives and tape drives can be considered both input and output devices. 19. An instruction is a command that directs the computer to perform a certain operation, consisting of a string of binary codes that include an operation code and an address code. 20. A computer has many instructions, each serving different purposes. The collection of all instructions is called the computer instruction set. Different computer systems have different instruction sets; currently, common instruction sets include Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) and Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC). 21. Software refers to the totality of programs, data, and related documents required for the operation of a computer. Data is the object of program processing, and documents are materials related to the development, maintenance, and use of the program. 22. System software is the layer of software closest to the hardware in a computer system, mainly including operating systems, language processing programs, database management systems, and supporting service software. 23. The operating system (OS) is a collection of systematic programs that control and manage computer resources, serving as an interface between users and the computer hardware system, providing a bridge for users and application software to access and control computer hardware. 24. An algorithm is characterized by: ① finiteness; ② definiteness; ③ feasibility; ④ input/output. 25. The operating system is a large management control program that includes five management functions: processor management, storage management, device management, file management, and job management. 26. Operating systems can be classified based on their operating environment into real-time operating systems, time-sharing operating systems, and batch processing operating systems.(2) Based on the number of users managed, they can be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems.(3) Based on the number of jobs managed simultaneously, they can be divided into single-user single-task operating systems, single-user multi-task operating systems, and multi-user multi-task operating systems. 27. Common database management systems include FoxPro, FoxBASE+, Access on microcomputers, and large database management systems such as Oracle, DB2, Sybase, SQL Server, etc., all of which are relational database management systems. 28. Basics of program design: data structures and algorithms are the two main aspects of a program; it can generally be considered that: program = algorithm + data structure. 29. Programming languages:(1) Machine language: the only language that computer systems can recognize without translation.(2) Assembly language: the symbolic representation of machine language.(3) High-level languages: greatly improve programming efficiency. 30. Machine language and assembly language are generally referred to as low-level languages. 31. High-level languages can be divided into two categories: interpreted and compiled. 32. An interpreter: an interpreter accepts source programs written in a certain programming language (such as Basic) and interprets and executes each statement of the source program one by one, ultimately producing results. The interpreter translates the source program while executing it, without generating a target program. 33. A compiler: a compiler is a translation program that translates source programs written in high-level languages into equivalent target programs represented in machine language; this translation process is called compilation. 34. A microprocessor (CPU) is a large-scale integrated circuit chip that integrates the arithmetic unit, control unit, and high-speed internal cache, and is the most important core component of a computer. 35. A microcontroller: integrates a microprocessor (CPU), a certain capacity of memory, and I/O interface circuits onto a single chip, forming a microcontroller. 36. A single-board computer: integrates a microprocessor, memory, and I/O interface circuits onto a printed circuit board, forming a single-board computer. 37. A PC (Personal Computer) is a microcomputer designed for single-user use, generally referred to as a PC, which is currently the most widely used type of microcomputer. 38. Portable microcomputers generally include laptops and personal digital assistants (PDAs). 39. The memory in a microcomputer generally refers to Random Access Memory (RAM). The unit of main frequency is Hertz (Hz). 40. Currently commonly used memory types include SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, and DDR II SDRAM. 41. A floppy disk has a diameter of 3.5 inches and a capacity of 1.44 MB. 42. A floppy disk has a write protection notch; when the write protection notch is in the protected state (i.e., the write protection notch is open), it can only read information from the disk and cannot write, preventing data from being erased or rewritten, and also preventing virus intrusion. 43. The bus in a microcomputer is generally divided into data bus, address bus, and control bus, used to transmit data, data addresses, and control signals, respectively. 44. The motherboard is the largest circuit board in a microcomputer system, sometimes referred to as the mainboard or system board, and is a large printed circuit board with various ports. 45. A computer with multimedia processing capabilities is called a multimedia computer. Multimedia is characterized by diversity, real-time, interactivity, and integration. 46. The development of computers:(1) First generation (1946-1957) vacuum tube computers, machine language, assembly language, scientific computing.(2) Second generation (1958-1964) transistor computers, transistors, high-level programming languages, data processing.(3) Third generation (1965-1970) integrated circuit computers, small and medium-scale integrated circuits, high-level programming languages widely applied in various fields.(4) Fourth generation (1971-present) integrated circuit computers, integrated circuits, object-oriented high-level languages, network era.(5) Fifth generation future computers, photonic, quantum, DNA, etc. 47. The operating system has four main characteristics: (1) concurrency (2) sharing (3) virtualization (4) asynchrony. 48. Concurrency refers to the simultaneous execution of two or more running programs within the same time interval. 49. The operating system is a concurrent system, and systems that adopt concurrent technology are also called multitasking systems. 50. File management mainly completes the following tasks: providing logical organization methods for files, providing physical organization methods for files, providing access methods for files, providing usage methods for files, implementing directory management for files, implementing access control for files, and implementing storage space for files.51. Operating systems can generally be divided into three basic types: 1) batch processing systems; 2) time-sharing systems; 3) real-time systems.52. With the development of computer science, many types of operating systems have emerged, mainly including embedded operating systems, personal operating systems, network operating systems, distributed operating systems, etc. 53. The working mode of batch processing operating systems is: users submit jobs to system operators, who group many users’ jobs into a batch and then input them into the computer, forming an automatic continuous job flow in the system, after which the operating system is started, and the system automatically executes each job in sequence, with the results returned to users by the operators. 54. The working mode of time-sharing operating systems is: a mainframe connects several terminals, each with a user, who interactively submits command requests to the system. The system accepts each user’s command, processes service requests in a time-slice round-robin manner, and displays results to users on the terminal interactively. 55. A real-time operating system (RTOS) is one that enables a computer to respond promptly to external event requests and complete processing of that event within a specified strict time, coordinating the operation of all real-time devices and tasks. 56. An embedded operating system is one that runs in an embedded system environment, coordinating, scheduling, commanding, and controlling the entire embedded system and the various components and devices it operates and controls. 57. Based on the number of users using the computer at the same time, operating systems can be divided into single-user operating systems and multi-user operating systems. 58. A single-user operating system is one where only one user can use the computer at the same time, enjoying all hardware and software resources alone, while if multiple users are allowed to use the computer simultaneously, it is called a multi-user operating system. 59. If a user can run multiple applications at the same time (each application is called a task), such an operating system is called a multitasking operating system; if a user can only run one application at a time, the corresponding operating system is called a single-task operating system. 60. Early DOS operating systems were single-user single-task operating systems, while Windows 7 is a single-user multitasking operating system. 61. Network operating systems are based on computer networks and are software developed on various computer operating systems according to network architecture, protocols, and standards, including network management, communication, security, resource sharing, and various network applications, with the goal of enabling communication and resource sharing. 62. A system in which a large number of computers are interconnected through a network, achieving extremely high computing power and extensive data sharing, is called a distributed system. 63. MS-DOS has a character-based user interface and operates and manages through a command line, which is very inconvenient and requires users to memorize a large number of DOS commands. 64. The Unix operating system is a general-purpose, interactive time-sharing operating system. 65. The Mac OS operating system is developed by Apple Inc. and runs on Macintosh computers. Mac OS is the pioneer of fully graphical interfaces and operating methods. 66. Windows XP is currently most popular in its Home and Professional editions. 67. A shortcut is a file with the extension .lnk, generally associated with an application or document. 68. The minimum system requirements for Windows are:(1) Recommended computer clock frequency of 300 MHz or higher processor, at least 233 MHz (single or dual processor systems), recommended Intel Pentium/Celeron series, AMD K6/Athlon/Duron series, or compatible processors;(2) Recommended 128 MB RAM or higher (minimum support 64 MB, which may affect performance and some functions);(3) 1.5 GB of available hard disk space;(4) Super VGA (800×600) or higher resolution video adapter and monitor;(5) CD-ROM or DVD drive;(6) Keyboard and Microsoft mouse or compatible pointing device. 69. Windows windows are highly unified in appearance, style, and operation.(1) Border (2) Title bar (3) Menu bar (4) Toolbar (5) Status bar (6) Document view (7) Scroll bar 70. Modal dialog: refers to a type of dialog that, when opened, prohibits interaction with the main program window, and the main window can only be processed after closing this dialog. 71. Non-modal dialog: a non-modal dialog is one that allows interaction with the main window even when the dialog is displayed. 72. A file is a collection of related information stored on external storage. 73. The file can store a program, an article, a piece of music, a picture, etc. 74. Certain symbols such as /, \, *, ?, <, >, | are not allowed in file names. 75. The main file name should relate to the content of the file, and the extension is used to distinguish the type of file, hence the extension is also called the type name. 76. At any given moment, only one node can be in an open state; when a node is in an open state, its name will turn blue, and some node icons will also change accordingly. 77. The excellent features of Windows are attributed to the adoption of the advanced Unicode character set. The Unicode character set is a 16-bit character encoding standard developed by the Unicode Consortium. 78. The right side of the console lists the user accounts on the computer; the Administrator and Guest accounts are automatically created when installing the Windows system, allowing for management during the first login to the computer. 79. To prevent unauthorized users from attempting to log in to the computer as Administrator, the Administrator account can be renamed but not deleted. 80. The Guest account can be disabled or renamed by the administrator for security reasons, but it cannot be deleted. 81. The Paint program is a simple drawing tool that allows users to create black and white or color graphics, which can be saved as bitmap files (.bmp), printed, set as desktop backgrounds, or pasted into another document, and can also be used to view and edit scanned photos. 82. WordPad and Notepad are two text processing programs included with Windows 7, both providing basic text editing functions. 83. WordPad has stronger functionality, allowing users to create and edit formatted files, with an interface and usage method very similar to Word. 84. Notepad is a text file editor that allows users to edit simple documents or create web pages. The use of Notepad is very simple, and the files it edits are text files, which greatly facilitates editing source programs in high-level languages. 85. In the 1980s, widely used word processing systems included WPS, table editing software CCED, and document editing systems like Word Star. 86. Layout design is an important task that includes page setup, page numbering, column layout, header and footer settings, etc. 87. Microsoft Office has seven commonly used components for daily office tasks. They are: word processing software Word, spreadsheet software Excel, presentation software PowerPoint, database management software Access, dynamic form software InfoPath, email management software Outlook, and desktop publishing software Publisher. 88. The title bar is located at the top of the window and is blue by default. It contains the application name, document name, and control buttons. 89. To show or hide the toolbar:Right-click anywhere on the toolbar or tab, and select the desired toolbar from the pop-up shortcut menu. 90. The task pane can be called up through “Page Layout” – “Task Pane”. 91. The ruler has horizontal and vertical types, used to determine the position of the document on the screen and paper. The horizontal ruler’s indent buttons can also be used for paragraph indentation and margin adjustments. Tab stops can also be set using the ruler. 92. The status bar is located at the bottom of the window, displaying the current status of the form, such as the current page number, section number, current page and total pages, cursor insertion point position, overwrite/insert status, and current language information. 93. Common methods to start Word 2010 include:(1) Click “Start” → “Programs” → “Microsoft Office” → “Microsoft Office Word 2010”.(2) Double-click the Word shortcut icon created on the desktop.(3) Double-click an existing Word document. 94. Common methods to exit Word 2010 include:(1) Click the “Close” button in the upper right corner of the Word window.(2) Click the “Exit” command in the “File” menu.(3) Double-click the control icon in the upper left corner of the Word window or use the shortcut key Alt+F4. 95. Click the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu, then click the “Save” tab in the pop-up dialog, check the “AutoSave time interval” checkbox, and set the auto-save time interval to edit your work with peace of mind. 96. To open a document:(1) Click the “Open” command in the “File” tab.(2) Click the “Open” tool button on the common toolbar.(3) Use the Ctrl+O shortcut key.(4) Click one of the last four documents usually listed below the “File” tab (to set the number of documents listed under the “File” menu, select the “Options” command in the “Tools” menu, click the “General” tab, and set the number in the “List recently used files” text box). 97. To create a new blank document:(1) Directly click the “New” button on the common toolbar.(2) Use the Ctrl+N shortcut key. 98. To close a document:(1) Click the “Close” command in the “File” menu to close the currently edited document.(2) Click the “Close” button in the upper right corner of the document window to close the currently edited document. 99. Use keyboard commands or shortcut keys: pressing the Home and End keys can quickly move the insertion point to the beginning or end of the document; pressing Ctrl+Home and Ctrl+End can quickly move the insertion point to the start and end of the document. 100. Word provides two input states: “Insert” and “Overwrite”. The “Insert” state means that the text typed will be inserted at the current cursor position, pushing the text after the cursor forward; the “Overwrite” state means that the text typed will overwrite the text after the cursor in sequence.
