Topic10 Transformation of Substances and Process Flow
Knowledge Points Covered
Chemistry of Elements:Se、Ru、Fe、Sn、Cr and other elements’ valence, electron configuration, and compound properties. Reaction Principles: oxidation-reduction reactions, coordination reactions, hydrolysis reactions, and precipitation-dissolution equilibrium. Experimental Operations: titration analysis, precipitation separation, pyrolysis, condensation,pH control, etc. Calculation Skills: mass fraction, concentration calculations,Ksp applications, titration calculations, etc. Information Extraction: extracting key information from flowcharts, charts, and known conditions.
II. Highlights and Challenges of the Questions:
Realistic Context: Each question is based on real industrial processes or analytical methods (such asYS/T standards), enhancing the applicability and scientific nature of the questions. Comprehensive Nature: A single question often involves multiple knowledge points, such as in question1, which includes electron configuration, valence, as well as pyrolysis equilibrium and titration calculations. Implicit Information: Some information must be extracted from flowcharts, known conditions, or charts, testing students’ information integration abilities. Combination of Calculation and Reasoning: For example, in question5, reasoning is required using constants such asKsp andKa, assessing students’ quantitative analysis skills.
Multi-step Reaction Reasoning: For example, in question2, the preparation process of theRu complex requires writing out each step of the reaction. Control of Equilibrium and Rate: For example, in question1, controlling the condensation of the pyrolysis reaction, and in question3, controlling the precipitation withpH. Determining and Calculating Titration Endpoints: For example, in questions3 and4, describing the phenomena at the titration endpoint and calculating mass fractions. Handling Unfamiliar Information: For example, in question2, the electron configuration ofRu and the spatial structure ofNO₂⁻ require students to flexibly apply existing knowledge.
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