In the previous articles, we introduced Modbus Protocol 1 – Who Am I Modbus Protocol 2 – Modbus RTU Modbus Protocol 3 – Function Codes (Part 1) Modbus Protocol 4 – Function Codes (Part 2) Through the above articles, we have understood the message format of Modbus-RTU communication, which provides a basic grasp of Modbus … Read more
The MCS file (Memory Configuration File) is a file format used for memory programming. The essence of an MCS file is a HEX file, which follows the Intel-HEX encoding rules and can be opened directly with text editing tools. MCS files contain data corresponding to each address and ensure data integrity and accuracy through checksums.Xilinx’s … Read more
This article mainly introduces the detailed format of certain versions of Netgear wireless router firmware, as well as how to implant a backdoor into the firmware and repack it. Finally, it reverse analyzes the official packaging tool. 1. Introduction to Netgear Netgear, translated into Chinese as 网件, is a company dedicated to providing easy-to-use and … Read more
Beijing Time <span>April 28, 2025</span><span>Kali Linux</span> mentioned in their official blog that they have lost their <span>repository signing key</span>, which means they must recreate a new repository. I can only say that this is a basic operation for <span>Kali Linux</span>, especially after the previous bug updates, it’s quite genius. If you encounter issues while updating … Read more
ref: RFC3961 An encryption mechanism must define the following properties and operations: 1. Protocol Key Format Specifies which characters (octet string) can appear in a valid key. For keys that require special encoding, it must specify how to encode them. For encryption mechanisms that don’t have <span>perfectly dense key spaces</span>, this will describe the representation … Read more
UART has parity check, and CAN communication has CRC check. Communication protocols such as Modbus, MAVlink, and USB also have checksum information. When customizing data storage, experienced engineers will always add some checksum information. In your daily communication or data storage, do you use checksum information? Below are several common checksum algorithms. 1. Checksum Checksum … Read more