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01
Concepts
1.1 CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the core of computation and control in a computer. It consists of an arithmetic logic unit, a control unit, and registers, along with buses that connect them for data, control, and status. The well-known three-stage pipeline: fetch, decode, execute pertains to the CPU. The operation of almost all CPUs can be divided into four stages: Fetch, Decode, Execute, and Writeback. The CPU retrieves instructions from memory or cache, places them in the instruction register, decodes the instructions, and executes them. The programmability of a computer primarily refers to programming the CPU.
1.2 MPU (Micro Processor Unit)
The MPU (Micro Processor Unit), also known as a microprocessor (not to be confused with a microcontroller MCU), typically represents a powerful CPU (consider it an enhanced version of a CPU), but it is not designed for any specific computational purpose. This type of chip is often the core CPU of personal computers and high-end workstations. Examples include Intel’s X86 and some ARM Cortex-A chips like Freescale i.MX6, Allwinner A20, and TI AM335X.
1.3 MCU (Micro Control Unit)
The MCU (Micro Control Unit), commonly referred to as a microcontroller, is essentially what we call a single-chip microcontroller. It refers to the integration of a computer’s CPU, RAM, ROM, timers, and various I/O interfaces onto a single chip, forming a chip-level system, such as the 51, STC, AVR, and Cortex-M chips. These chips integrate an entire computer system on one chip, allowing for the direct addition of simple peripheral devices (resistors, capacitors) to run code. It is fundamentally a complete microcontroller with a processor and various interfaces, where all development is based on an existing system architecture, and the user only needs to develop software programs and add external devices. In contrast, ARM (Cortex-A series) cannot run code directly because it is essentially just an enhanced CPU and requires additional RAM and ROM.
1.4 SoC (System on Chip)
The SoC (System on Chip) refers to an integrated circuit system that completes a specific function. It is a system-level chip that, like an MCU, has built-in RAM and ROM, while also being as powerful as an MPU. It can run system-level code, meaning it can operate an operating system (primarily Linux OS), combining the advantages of MCU integration and MPU processing power.
1.5 SoPC (System On a Programmable Chip)
Compared to the above concepts, the occurrence of SoPC is not as frequent, but this does not diminish its importance. SoPC stands for System On a Programmable Chip, which allows for hardware configuration changes, meaning one can construct their own chip.
For example, the hardware configuration of a microcontroller is fixed, and what we can modify through programming is the software configuration. For instance, a serial communication function can be changed to an AD sampling function by modifying the code, meaning the hardware configuration is fixed, and we can only select one or more functions by modifying the software. In contrast, SoPC allows for modifications to the hardware configuration to become the corresponding chip, which can be either an MCU or an SoC.
02
Differences
2.1 Differences Between MCU and MPU
The MCU integrates an entire computer system on a single chip, allowing for the direct addition of simple peripheral devices (resistors, capacitors) to run code. It is fundamentally a complete microcontroller with a processor and various interfaces, where all development is based on an existing system architecture, and the user only needs to develop software programs and add external devices.
In contrast, an MPU, such as the ARM Cortex-A series, cannot run code directly because it is essentially just an enhanced CPU and requires additional RAM and ROM.
2.2 Differences Between CPU and SoC
The SoC can be seen as a combination of the integration of an MCU and the processing power of an MPU, where the MCU integrates various peripherals and the MPU is an enhanced version of a CPU. The differences between CPU and SoC can be visually represented in the diagram below.
The current direction of chip development is from CPU to SoC; there are no pure CPUs anymore, only SoCs. The cores sold by ARM are essentially CPUs (of course, they also require a bus), and various peripherals are added by semiconductor manufacturers themselves.
2.3 Differences Between SoPC, MCU, MPU, and SoC
The most significant difference between SoPC and MCU, MPU, SoC is the ability to change hardware configurations, meaning one can construct their own chip.
For example, the hardware configuration of a microcontroller is fixed, and what we can modify through programming is the software configuration. For instance, a serial communication function can be changed to an AD sampling function by modifying the code, meaning the hardware configuration is fixed, and we can only select one or more functions by modifying the software. In contrast, SoPC allows for modifications to the hardware configuration to become the corresponding chip, which can be either an MCU or an SoC.
Source:
https://blog.csdn.net/mahoon411/article/details/119374835
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