This article compiles the most commonly used basic commands in the Linux system, covering file operations, user management, system monitoring, and network management, suitable for beginners to learn.📂 File and Directory Management1. Display directory contents
ls -alDescription: Displays all files in the current directory, including hidden files.2. Show current path
pwdDescription: Outputs the current directory.3. Change directory
cd /etcDescription: Enters the /etc directory.4. Create directory
mkdir mydirDescription: Creates a directory named mydir.5. Delete directory
rm -r mydirDescription: Recursively deletes the directory mydir.6. Copy file
cp file1.txt file2.txtDescription: Copies file1.txt to file2.txt.7. Move/Rename file
mv old.txt new.txtDescription: Renames old.txt to new.txt.8. View file contents
cat filename.txt less filename.txt head -n 10 filename.txt tail -f logfile.logDescription: cat displays directly; less paginates; head shows the first 10 lines; tail -f tracks logs in real-time.👤 User and Permission Management1. View current user
whoami2. Add new user
sudo adduser username3. Change password
passwd username4. View currently logged-in users
w5. Permission management
chmod 755 file.sh chown user:group file.txtDescription: chmod modifies permissions; chown changes file ownership.⚙️ System Management1. Display system information
uname -a lsb_release -a2. View current time
date3. Check disk space
df -h4. Check memory usage
free -h5. Process management
ps aux top htop kill -9 1234Description: ps aux shows processes; top/htop monitors in real-time; kill -9 terminates a process.🌐 Network Management1. View IP address
ifconfig ip addr2. Test network connection
ping www.baidu.com3. Check port usage
netstat -tuln ps s -tulnp4. Download file
wget https://example.com/file.zip curl -O https://example.com/file.zip📦 Package Management (using Ubuntu as an example)1. Update software sources
sudo apt update2. Upgrade installed software
sudo apt upgrade3. Install new software
sudo apt install nginx4. Remove software
sudo apt remove nginx