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1. This public account provides information related to the computer level examination and explains Office knowledge points. To better learn practical knowledge, please click on the top to continue following.

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3. Today’s explanation is a part of the multiple choice questions section – basic knowledge of computers, and will continue to share in the future, please stay tuned! More exciting content is to be expected!

What content does the computer level II office advanced application cover?

1. Multiple Choice Questions (20 points)

1. Basic Computer Knowledge (5 points) (a bit difficult)

2. Office Application Basics (5 points) (those who have practiced the questions will basically know)

3. Public Basic Knowledge (10 points) (very high difficulty)

2. Operational Questions

1. Word (30 points) (opinions vary)

2. Excel (30 points) (students report that functions are difficult to understand)

3. PPT (20 points) (those who have practiced the questions can score over ten)

Below is an introduction to the knowledge points covered in the computer basics exam:

1. Development of Computers

2. Representation and Storage of Information

3. Computer Hardware Systems

4. Computer Software Systems

5. Introduction to Multimedia Technology

6. Computer Viruses and Prevention

7. Basics and Applications of the Internet

Below is an introduction to: the development of computers

Introduction

A computer is a machine system that can accept and store information according to human requirements, automatically process data and calculations, and output result information. A computer is a science, and it is also an electronic tool that automatically, quickly, and accurately stores, transmits, and processes information. Mastering the basic knowledge and application ability of information technology centered on computers is an essential quality in the information society.

1.1 Overview

Throughout the long history of human civilization, computing tools have undergone a development process from simple to complex, from low-level to high-level, resulting in various computing tools such as knots, counting rods, abacuses, slide rules, hand-cranked mechanical computers, electric mechanical computers, and electronic computers. They played their respective roles in different historical periods and also nurtured the design ideas and prototypes of electronic computers.

1.1.1 Development of Computers

The outbreak of World War II brought about a strong demand for calculations. Professor John Mauchley of the University of Pennsylvania’s Department of Electrical Engineering and his graduate student Eckert planned to use vacuum tubes to build a general-purpose electronic computer to help the military calculate ballistic trajectories. In 1943, this plan was adopted by the military, and Mauchley and Eckert began to develop ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator), which was successfully developed in 1946. To this day, ENIAC is recognized as marking the arrival of the computer era, and its emergence has epoch-making significance. ENIAC is widely regarded as the world’s first modern computer.

ENIAC proved that electronic vacuum tube technology could greatly improve computing speed, but ENIAC itself had two major drawbacks: it had no memory and was controlled by wiring panels, making the circuit connections cumbersome and time-consuming, which largely offset ENIAC’s computing speed. Therefore, Mauchley and Eckert soon began to develop a new model, EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer). Almost simultaneously, von Neumann, a researcher in the ENIAC project group, began to develop his own EDVAC, namely IAS (Institute for Advanced Study) computer, which was the fastest computer at the time. This Hungarian mathematician summarized the key principles of EDVAC:

(1) The programs for the computer and the data required for program execution are stored in binary form in the computer’s memory.

(2) The program and data are stored in memory, that is, the concept of “stored program”. When the computer executes the program, it can automatically and continuously execute the program without manual intervention and obtain the expected results.

According to von Neumann’s principles and ideas, it was determined that a computer must have five components: input, storage, computation, control, and output.

IAS computer made significant improvements to ENIAC, becoming the basic prototype of modern computers. Today, the basic structure of computers still adopts the architecture proposed by von Neumann, so computers that conform to this design are called von Neumann machines, and von Neumann is also known as the “father of modern electronic computers”.

Since the birth of the first electronic computer, computer technology has developed at an unprecedented speed. Generally, based on the physical devices used by computers, the development of computers can be divided into several stages, as shown in Table 1.1.

After reviewing the knowledge points above

Let’s test your multiple choice questions

1. In a von Neumann architecture computer, two important concepts were introduced, which areA. CPU and memory B. Binary and stored program C. Machine language and hexadecimal D. ASCII encoding and instruction system

2. In 1946, the world’s first electronic computer was born, its English name is A UNIVAC-1 B EDVAC C ENIAC D MARK-I

2. Characteristics, Uses, and Classification of Computers

Computers can process, store, or transmit input data according to the steps determined by the program to obtain the expected output information, thereby improving work efficiency and social productivity and enhancing people’s quality of life. The powerful functions of computers that can be applied in various fields are determined by their characteristics.

1. Characteristics of ComputersComputers mainly have the following characteristics. (1) High-speed and precise computing ability.Currently, there are computers in the world that can perform over trillions of operations per second.(2) Accurate logical judgment ability.Computers can perform logical processing, and in information retrieval, they can match and retrieve according to requirements.(3) Strong storage capacity.Computers can store a large amount of various information such as numbers, text, images, video, sound, etc., and can “lastingly” preserve them.(4) Automatic function.Computers can “remember” a set of pre-written instructions (called programs), then automatically retrieve and execute these instructions one by one, making the work process fully automated and repeatable.(5) Networking and communication functions.With the development of computer technology today, computers can not only connect computers in different cities into a network but also connect computers in different countries, industries, and organizations together, shortening distances between people and changing their ways of communication and information acquisition.2. Applications of Computers

Since the advent of computers, they were mainly used for numerical calculations, but now computers are integrated with almost all disciplines and play an increasingly important role in various aspects of the economy and society. Now, computer networks are widely applied in transportation, finance, enterprise management, education, telecommunications, commerce, and other fields. 1)Scientific Computing

Scientific computing mainly uses computers to implement and apply mathematical methods, such as the famous human genome sequence analysis, orbital calculations of artificial satellites, and weather forecasting based on calculations of a large amount of historical meteorological data.

2)Data/Information Processing

Data/Information processing is also known as non-numerical computing. With the development of computer science and technology, the “data” of computers includes not only “numbers” but also many other forms of data, such as text, images, sound, etc. Computers have changed the traditional application of paper and pen in text processing. The data generated can not only be stored and printed but also edited, copied, etc. This is currently the most widely used field of computer applications.

3)Process Control

Process control refers to the use of computers to monitor and control production processes, manufacturing processes, or operational processes, that is, by real-time monitoring the state of the target object, timely adjusting the controlled object, so that the controlled object can correctly complete the production, manufacturing, or operation of the target object. Process control is widely used in various industrial environments.First, it can replace humans in dangerous and harmful environments. Second, it can continuously operate under the same quality guarantee, unaffected by fatigue, emotions, and other factors. Third, it can perform operations that humans cannot accomplish, which require high precision, high speed, timeliness, and spatial requirements.

4)Computer-Aided

Computer-aided is a very broad field of computer applications. Almost all processes that were previously done by humans with design nature can have computers assist in part or all of the work. Computer-aided (or Computer-Aided Engineering) mainly includes:Computer-Aided Design (CAD),

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM),

Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI),

Computer-Aided Technology/Test/Translation/Typesetting (CAT),

Computer Simulation (Simulation), etc.5)Networking Communication

The development and integration of computer technology and digital communication technology have produced computer networks. Through computer networks, multiple independent computer systems are connected, linking people from different regions, countries, industries, and organizations, shortening distances between people and changing their ways of life and work.

6)Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) simulates certain intellectual activities of humans using computers. For example, Google’s AlphaGo defeating human player Lee Sedol is a brilliant demonstration of artificial intelligence. Computers can perform image and object recognition and simulate human learning and exploration processes.Artificial intelligence has always been at the forefront of research since the development of computer science, with its main research content including natural language understanding, expert systems, robots, and automatic theorem proving. Currently, artificial intelligence has been applied in many areas such as robots, medical diagnosis, fault diagnosis, computer-assisted education, case investigation, and business management.

7) Multimedia Applications

Multimedia includes various types of information such as text, graphics, images, audio, video, and animation.Multimedia technology refers to the interaction between humans and computers to capture, transmit, convert, edit, store, manage, and comprehensively process the above various media information into a combination of tables, text, graphics, animations, audio, video, and other audiovisual information. Multimedia technology has broadened the application field of computers, making them widely used in business, service industries, education, advertising, culture and entertainment, and households. At the same time, the organic combination of multimedia technology and artificial intelligence technology has also promoted the development of virtual reality technology, allowing people to experience real scenes in a computer-simulated environment and simulate the manufacturing of parts and products through computer simulation, experiencing various functions and performance of products.

8)Embedded Systems

Not all computers are general-purpose. Many special computers are used in different devices, including a large number of consumer electronics and industrial manufacturing systems, which embed processor chips to complete specific processing tasks, such as digital cameras, mobile phones, cars, and high-end electric toys, all of which use processors with different functions. These systems are called embedded systems.3. Classification of Computers

The family of computers is vast and diverse, and they can be classified in different ways. Based on the type of data processed by computers, they can be divided into analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers.Analog computers mainly represent the values involved in calculations with continuous quantities, and their calculation processes are continuous. Due to the quality of components, analog computers have lower calculation accuracy and narrower application ranges, and are rarely produced today.

Digital computers mainly represent the values involved in calculations with discrete numerical quantities, and their calculation processes are carried out according to digit positions. Digital computers have logical judgment functions and work in a way that approximates the “thinking” of the human brain, so they are also called “computers”. According to their uses, computers can be divided into general-purpose computers and special-purpose computers.General-purpose computers can solve various types of problems and have strong versatility, such as personal computers (PCs); special-purpose computers are equipped with software and hardware to solve specific problems quickly and reliably, such as most computers used in missiles and rockets are special-purpose computers.

According to performance, scale, and processing capacity, such as word length, operation speed, storage capacity, external device, and software configuration, computers can be divided into supercomputers, mainframe computers, microcomputers, workstations, servers, etc.

1) Supercomputers

Supercomputers are currently the fastest and most powerful computers, referred to as high-performance computers. There are few high-performance computers, but they have important and special uses. After using these supercomputers, complex calculations can be achieved. In military applications, they can be used for strategic defense systems, large-scale early warning systems, and aerospace measurement and control systems. In civilian applications, they can be used for long-term weather forecasting in large areas, processing information from large-scale geological exploration systems, and large-scale scientific calculations and simulation systems.

2) Mainframe Computers

Mainframe computers are a common term for a class of computers characterized by strong versatility, high operation speed, and extremely strong comprehensive processing capability. Their operation speeds range from one million to several tens of millions of operations per second. They are mainly used in research, business, and management departments. Mainframe computers are usually referred to as “enterprise-level” computers, which have strong versatility but are relatively expensive; mainframe systems can be single-processor, multi-processor, or a combination of multiple subsystems.

In the information society, with the increase of information resources, a series of problems related to information communication, control, and management arise, which is exactly the specialty of mainframe computers. In the future, mainframes will be given more missions, covering all application areas of “enterprises”, such as large-scale transaction processing, internal information management and security protection, large-scale scientific and engineering calculations, etc.

3) Microcomputers

Microcomputers (also known as microcomputers or micros) are products of the rapid development of microelectronics technology. Since IBM introduced the IBM PC using Intel’s microprocessor in 1981, microcomputers have rapidly developed due to their small size, light weight, and low cost, becoming the mainstream of computers. Today, microcomputers are used in various fields of society: from factory production control to government office automation, from store data processing to family information management, they are almost ubiquitous. The structure of microcomputers includes single-chip computers, single-board computers, multi-chip computers, and multi-board computers.

The emergence of PCs has made computers truly aimed at individuals, becoming a popular information processing tool. With the acceleration of social informatization, powerful computing capabilities are essential for every user, and mobile office has become an important working method. Portable computers have emerged, with notebook computers being one of the typical products, which are favored by users for their suitability for mobile and outdoor use.

Based on whether microcomputers are used by end users, they can be divided into standalone microcomputers (the microcomputers used daily) and embedded microcomputers (also known as embedded systems). Embedded microcomputers are installed as information processing components in application devices, and end users do not directly use the computer, but the application device.

For example, medical devices containing microcomputers, refrigerators, washing machines, microwave ovens, and other household appliances use different functional processors. Embedded microcomputers are generally single-chip or single-board computers. A single-chip computer integrates the central processing unit, memory, and input/output interfaces using large-scale integrated circuit technology onto a silicon chip. The integration level of single-chip computers is high, so ROM and RAM capacity are limited, and there are not many interface circuits, making them suitable for small systems. A single-board computer is assembled on a circuit board with the CPU and a certain capacity of ROM, RAM, and interface circuits into a microcomputer, often equipped with simple peripherals such as keyboards and displays, usually with a small-scale monitoring program stored in ROM or EPROM on the circuit board.

4) Workstations

A workstation is a high-end microcomputer that has larger storage capacity and faster computing speed than microcomputers, usually equipped with high-resolution large-screen displays and large internal and external storage capacity, and has strong information processing capabilities as well as high-performance graphics and image processing capabilities and networking capabilities. Workstations are mainly used in image processing and computer-aided design fields, with strong graphical interaction and processing capabilities, thus widely used in engineering fields, especially in computer-aided design (CAD).

Workstations generally adopt an open system architecture, meaning that the software and hardware interfaces of the machine are made public and comply with popular international industrial standards to encourage other manufacturers and users to develop software and hardware products around workstations. Currently, various new technologies such as multimedia have been integrated into workstations, making them more distinctive. Their application fields have expanded from the initial computer-aided design to business, finance, office fields, and frequently serving as network servers.

5) Servers

Servers, as nodes of the network, store and process 80% of the data and information on the network, thus also known as the soul of the network. In recent years, with the popularity of the Internet, various levels of computers have played their respective roles in the network, with servers playing the most important role. Servers can be mainframe computers, mini computers, workstations, or high-end microcomputers. Servers can provide various services such as information browsing, email, file transfer, databases, etc.

Servers mainly have the following characteristics:

(1) They provide services only at the request of clients.

(2) Servers are transparent to clients. A user communicating with a server faces specific services and may not know what type of machine the server is using or what operating system it is running.

(3) Strictly speaking, a server is a software concept. A computer used as a server can play several server roles simultaneously by installing different server software.

After reviewing the knowledge points above

Let’s test your multiple choice questions

1. The earliest application field of computers is

A. Auxiliary Engineering

B. Process Control

C. Data Processing

D. Numerical Calculation

2. The Chinese meaning of the English abbreviation CAD is

A. Computer-Aided Design

B. Computer-Aided Manufacturing

C. Computer-Assisted Teaching

D. Computer-Assisted Management

3. The “Railway Network Ticketing System” belongs to ______ according to the classification of computer applications.

A. Scientific Computing

B. Auxiliary Design

C. Real-time Control

D. Information Processing

4. Many consumer electronic products (such as digital cameras and digital televisions) use different functional microprocessors to complete specific processing tasks, this application of computers belongs to ______.

A. Scientific Computing

B. Real-time Control

C. Embedded Systems

D. Auxiliary Design

5. The earliest application field of electronic computers is ______.

A. Data Processing

B. Scientific Computing

C. Industrial Control

D. Text Processing

3. Basic Computer Knowledge

1.

Binary	Octal	Decimal	Hexadecimal
Counting Symbols	0,1	0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7	0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9	0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
Operation Rules	Carry over 2	Carry over 8	Carry over 10	Carry over 16
Suffix	B	Q	D	H
Function	Circuit Design	No Practical Significance	Daily Life	Convenient Reading

2. Base Conversion from Decimal to n-base

Decimal to Binary

Divide by 2 and take the remainder

Decimal to Octal

Divide by 8 and take the remainder

Decimal to Hexadecimal

Divide by 16 and take the remainder

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Detailed Explanation of Basic Computer Knowledge (Part One) (Multiple Choice Questions)

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After reviewing the knowledge points above

Let’s test your multiple choice questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to the concept of number base, which of the following numbers is a correct octal number?

A 1101

B 7081

C 1109

D B03A

2. Among the four numbers in different bases, the smallest number is______.

A, 11011001 (binary)

B, 75 (decimal)

C, 37 (octal)

D, 2A (hexadecimal)

The answer is A, C

1.2.1 Data and Information

Data is a symbolic representation of objective things. Numbers, text, language, graphics, images, etc., are all different forms of data. Information is a very popular term in modern life and computer science. Generally speaking, information reflects the changes and characteristics of various things and is the processed data that affects human objective behavior. Humans recognize things through receiving information, and in this sense, information is a kind of knowledge, which is the knowledge that the receiver did not originally understand. Data is the carrier of information, and information is the useful data for humans. In computer science, information is usually considered meaningful content or messages that can be processed by computers, appearing in the form of data.1.2.2 Data in Computers

ENIAC is a decimal computer that uses ten vacuum tubes to represent a decimal number. Von Neumann, when making IAS, found that this decimal representation and implementation method was cumbersome, thus proposing the binary representation method, which changed the entire history of computer development.Binary only has two digits, “0” and “1”, and compared to decimal, using binary representation not only simplifies calculations, is easier to physically implement, and has strong universality, but more importantly, it occupies much less space and consumes less energy, making machines more reliable.

Computers internally use binary numbers to represent various information, but they still use familiar and readable forms such as decimal data, text displays, and graphic descriptions for external communication. The conversion between them is achieved by the hardware and software of the computer system.1.2.3 Data Units in Computers

The smallest unit of data in computers is the bit (bi). The basic unit of storage capacity is the byte (Byte). Eight binary bits make up one byte, and there are also KB, MB, GB, TB, etc.1. Bit

A bit is the smallest unit of measuring data. In digital circuits and computer technology, data is represented in binary, where codes consist of only 0 and 1, using multiple digits (combinations of 0 and 1) to represent a number, with each digit called a bit.

2. Byte

The basic unit of computer architecture. To facilitate measuring the size of memory, it is standardized as a byte (B), with one byte consisting of 8 bits of binary digits (1 Byte = 8 bi). A byte is the basic unit of organizing and storing information, and the kilobyte (1 KB = 1024 B = 2^10 B), megabyte (1 MB = 1024 KB = 2^20 B), gigabyte (1 GB = 1024 MB = 2^30 B).

People refer to the number of binary digits that a computer can process in parallel at one time as the “word length” of that machine. In the early days of computers, computers could process eight binary digits simultaneously. With the development of electronic technology, the parallel processing capacity of computers has increased. The word length of computers is usually an integer multiple of bytes, such as 8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits, and today’s microcomputers have reached 64 bits, while mainframes have reached 128 bits. The word length is an important indicator of a computer, directly reflecting the computing power and accuracy of a computer. The longer the word length, the faster the data processing speed of the computer.

1.2.4 Character Encoding

Characters include Western characters (letters, numbers, various symbols) and Chinese characters. Since computers store and process data in binary form, characters must also be encoded in binary according to specific rules to enter the computer. The binary encoding used to represent characters is called character encoding. The method of character encoding is very simple: first determine the total number of characters that need to be encoded, then sequentially assign each character an identification number, with the size of the number being meaningless, only serving as a basis for identifying and using these characters. The number of character forms involves the number of bits used for encoding. For Western characters and Chinese characters, due to their different forms, different encodings are used.1. Encoding for Western Characters

The most commonly used encoding for Western characters in computers is ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), which is designated as an international standard by the International Organization for Standardization. ASCII has two versions: 7-bit and 8-bit, with the internationally used version being the 7-bit ASCII code, which uses 7 bits of binary numbers to represent the encoding of a character, with a total of 2^7 = 128 different encoding values, capable of representing 128 different characters.

In the table, the encoding for uppercase and lowercase English letters, Arabic numerals, punctuation marks, and control characters is specified. Each character in the table corresponds to a numerical value, known as the ASCII code value of that character. Internally, computers use one byte (8 bits) to store a 7-bit ASCII code, with the highest bit being 0.2. Encoding for Chinese Characters

ASCII only encodes English letters, numbers, and punctuation marks. To enable computers to process, display, and print Chinese character exchanges, Chinese characters also need to be encoded. Our country released the national Chinese character encoding standard GB231280 in 1980, which is formally known as the “Character Set for Information Exchange of Chinese Characters – Basic Set” (abbreviated as GB code or national standard code). According to statistics, the most commonly used 6763 Chinese characters are divided into two levels: Level 1 characters have 3755 characters arranged in the order of Chinese Pinyin letters; Level 2 characters have 3008 characters arranged by radicals. Since one byte can only represent 256 encoding values, which is insufficient to represent 6763 Chinese characters, each Chinese character in the national standard code is represented using two bytes, with the highest bit of each byte being 0. To avoid the control codes in the ASCII table, the 6763 Chinese characters in GB2312-80 are divided into 94 rows and 94 columns, and the code table is divided into 94 regions (rows) and 94 positions (columns). The region code (row number) and position code (column number) form the region position code.

3. Processing of Chinese Characters

Computers can only recognize binary numbers internally. Any information (including characters, Chinese characters, sound, images, etc.) is stored in binary form in computers. Chinese characters need to undergo a processing process to be input into the computer and displayed on the screen or printed by the printer. From the perspective of Chinese character encoding, the processing of Chinese character information by computers is actually the conversion process between various Chinese character encodings. These encodings mainly include Chinese character input codes, internal codes, address codes, and character shape codes.

The input code for Chinese characters is converted to the corresponding national standard code, and then converted to the internal code, which can then be stored and processed in the computer. When outputting Chinese characters, the internal code of the Chinese characters is first converted to the corresponding Chinese character address code through a simple correspondence relationship, and then the Chinese character address code is used to access the Chinese character library, extracting the shape code of the Chinese character from the library, and finally displaying and printing the Chinese character according to the shape code.

After reviewing the knowledge points above

Let’s test your multiple choice questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to the concept of number base, which of the following numbers is a correct octal number?

A 1101

B 7081

C 1109

D B03A

2. Among the four numbers in different bases, the smallest number is______.

A, 11011001 (binary)

B, 75 (decimal)

C, 37 (octal)

D, 2A (hexadecimal)

3、The word length is one of the main technical performance indicators of the CPU, representing _.

A、The effective digit length of the CPU’s calculation result

B、The number of binary data that the CPU can process at once

C、The maximum effective digit length that the CPU can represent

D、The number of decimal integers that the CPU can represent

The answer is A, C, B

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