1. Front Oxygen Sensor: Greater than 2V——— Lean (Idle 1.5-N20.N55; 2V-N52); Equal to 2V———- Complete combustion; Less than 2V——– Rich 2. Rear Oxygen Sensor: Greater than 0.45V——— Rich; Equal to 0.45V———- Complete combustion (generally 0.7V); Less than 0.45V——– Lean 3. Intake Manifold Pressure Sensor: With VALTRANIC: Absolute pressure 950mbar, relative pressure 50mbar; if the VVT … Read more
Vehicle Condition: A BMW 328i with a mileage of over 220,000 km. The engine experiences idle shaking, fluctuating RPM, and sometimes fails to accelerate, emitting black smoke at times. Fault Diagnosis: Using a BMW-specific diagnostic tool, three fault codes were retrieved: 16685 (Cylinder 1 Misfire) 16686 (Cylinder 2 Misfire) 16688 (Cylinder 4 Misfire) It was … Read more
First, let me clarify that this story is a bit long. Please prepare yourself mentally. Hello everyone, I bought a low-power version of the BMW X3. At that time, I was just starting a business and didn’t have much capital, so I couldn’t afford the high-end model. Since it was a low-spec car, the configuration … Read more
On automotive forums, it is often seen that car enthusiasts mention piston damage after ECU tuning. There has been much discussion about the pros and cons of ECU tuning, primarily focusing on methods (canned tunes, custom tunes, whether to use a dyno, etc.) and pricing. This article will discuss the technical reasons behind why some … Read more
Click↑the blue text aboveto follow,understand cars, and understand BMW even better! As a car owner, you may be unfamiliar with BSD bus communication failures, but you have likely encountered issues caused by it, such as the water pump running continuously, inability to measure oil, inability to reset after oil maintenance, emergency power generation by the … Read more
The customer has a very persistent pursuit of modifications. It is said that he has never used the D gear and mainly drives in the SM mode. The girls who have ridden in his car either get out crying or end up throwing up. After tuning the ECU somewhere, it felt like the BMW was … Read more
This article is an exclusive piece from Wu Pei’s channel, authorized by Autohome for publication. Please credit Wu Pei’s WeChat public account for any reprints, and feel free to share it in your circle of friends. Do you remember yesterday’s article titled 《Is Your Car Lacking Power? ECU Tuning Can Boost It by Several Horses!》? … Read more
In previous episodes, we discussed modifications related to exhaust systems, brakes, and suspensions. Today, we will finally talk about a modification project that many car enthusiasts are quite interested in and that has garnered a lot of attention: ECU tuning. ECU tuning has become a very popular modification project. Is it really enough to just … Read more
1. Customer Fault Description: The customer reported that the adaptive module is malfunctioning, the windshield wipers are not working, the transmission system is failing, the display is black, and the engine cannot be started. 2. Technician Fault Description: Inspection revealed that the vehicle cannot start, the display is black, the instrument panel shows that the … Read more
Click↑the blue text aboveto follow and pin,understand cars, understand BMW even more! Does it feel even simpler than the previous key? The key is that turn in step 3!