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Application Layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3, encryption and decryption, compression and decompression, session management
Transport Layer: TCP, UDP, ensuring data segments arrive effectively
Network Layer: IP, ICMP, RIP, packet transmission, routing selection
Data Link Layer: ARP, PPTP, L2TP, physical addressing
Physical Layer: Bitstream transmission
Related Reading: How does HTTP receive messages in real-time like TCP?