Without further ado, let’s get to the point~

1. Features of the Linux Operating System

1. What is Linux?

Linux is a free and freely distributable Unix-like operating system, primarily used on computers based on Intel x86 series CPUs.

Linux is known for its efficiency and flexibility. It can implement all Unix features on PC computers, possessing multi-tasking and multi-user capabilities. Linux is available for free under the GNU General Public License and is a POSIX-compliant operating system. The Linux operating system software package includes not only the complete Linux operating system but also application software like text editors and high-level language compilers. It also includes the X-Windows graphical user interface with multiple window managers, similar to how we use Windows NT, allowing us to operate the system using windows, icons, and menus.

2. Differences Between Linux and Windows

1.2.1 Similarities
Linux and Windows series are both fully multitasking operating systems. They support the same user interface, networking, and security features.

There is a large amount of free software on the Internet that is written for Unix systems. Due to the numerous Unix vendors, there are many implementations of Unix. No single organization is responsible for the distribution of Unix. Currently, there is a significant force pushing the Unix community towards standardization in the form of open systems. On the other hand, the Windows series is a proprietary system, with the company developing the operating system controlling the interface and design. In this sense, this company is highly profitable because it establishes strict standards for program design and user interface design, which is completely different from those of the open systems community. Some organizations are attempting to standardize Unix program design interfaces.

1.2.2 Differences

• The application target of Linux is networking rather than printing.

• Optional GUI

Linux has graphical components. Linux supports high-end graphics adapters and displays, fully capable of handling graphics-related tasks.
Linux has graphical management tools and everyday office tools, such as email, web browsers, and document processing tools.
Configuration files in Linux are human-readable text files, similar to the INI files in older versions of Windows, but fundamentally different from Windows' registry mechanism. Each application has its own configuration file, and they are usually not stored together with other configuration files. However, most configuration files are stored in a single place within a directory tree (/etc), making them logically appear together. The text file configuration method allows for backup, checking, and editing of configuration files without special system tools.

• File Name Extensions

Linux does not use file name extensions to identify file types.

Linux determines whether a file is executable based on file access permissions. Any file can be granted executable permissions, allowing the program or script creator or administrator to identify it as an executable file. This approach enhances security. Executable files saved on the system do not execute automatically, preventing many script viruses.

• Case Sensitivity of Commands

All Linux commands and options are case-sensitive. For example, -R and -r do different things. Console commands are mostly in lowercase. We will introduce commands in more detail in "Part 2: Console Crash Course."

2. The Relationship Between Embedded Systems and Linux

2.1 What is Embedded?

Embedded refers to a combination of software and hardware in embedded systems. The software is generally a type of operating system, such as Linux, uc|os, wince, etc.; the hardware is the executing device that fulfills user requirements, such as small motors, circuit boards, etc. Embedded development is divided into software development and hardware development.

2.2 What Advantages Does Linux Have Over Other Operating Systems in the Embedded Field?

Embedded Linux systems utilize many of Linux’s own features and apply them to embedded systems.

• Linux open-source code

• Linux kernel is modular, supports multitasking, multi-user, high performance, and stability.

• Good portability of Linux (portability refers to the ability to transfer an operating system from one platform to another while still running in its own way) and software compatibility

• Small Linux kernel

• Powerful networking capabilities of Linux; it has a built-in TCP/IP stack that can provide services such as FTP, PPP, Telnet, WWW; it can also provide services to other systems through applications, such as Samba file services similar to Network Neighbors for other Windows users. Particularly, TCP/IP protocol has the most complete support, making it suitable for developing information appliances.

• Linux is a free OS

2.3 What Are the Detailed Differences Between Embedded Linux and Regular Linux?

The main difference is the resource requirements and size. Embedded systems typically use uglibc, a micro subset of glibc, allowing the system to be made very small. Learning Linux is relatively straightforward, while embedded development encompasses embedded handheld device development, desktop development, service development, and system management.

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