The front-end of line (FEOL), middle-end of line (MEOL), and back-end of line (BEOL) processes in chip manufacturing form a highly coordinated technological chain. These three stages precisely interact through physical structures, material interfaces, and electrical characteristics, ultimately determining the three core metrics of chip performance: Power, Performance, and Area (PPA). The front-end defines the intrinsic performance of transistors, while the middle-end…